1 What is the object of Lexicology and the object of its study?
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Card 1 1 What is the object of Lexicology and the object of its study? Lexicology is closely connected with other branches of linguistics, such as phonetics, grammar, stylistics, which also study words from various angles. Lexicology is connected with Phonetics because the word is a two-facet unit which has both a form and meaning. There are two types of Lexicology.There are two types of Lexicology.1 typeGeneral Lexicology deals with the general study of words and vocabulary, irrespective of the specific features of any particular language.Special Lexicology is the lexicology of a particular language (e.g.English, Russian, etc.), i.e. the study and description of its words and vocabulary. Special Lexicology may be historical and descriptive.Historical Lexicology discusses the origin of words, their change and development and investigates the forces modifying their structure and meaning.Descriptive Lexicology deals with the vocabulary of a given language at a given stage of its development. It studies the functions of words, their structure .type2. The word is studied in other branches of Linguistics and not in Lexicology only. And Lexicology in its turn is closely connected with General linguistics, the History of the language, Phonetics, Stylistics, Grammar.The connection of Lexicology with Phonetics is important. Because on the acoustic level words consist of phonemes, and phonemes participate in signification. They have no meaning of their own but they are used to build up morphemes which serve to distinguish between meanings. 2 2 What are the main problems Lexicology deals? Lexicology is closely related to such branches of linguistics as lexicography, phraseology, semantics or semantics, etymology, stylistics, the study of word formation, etc. One of the main problems of lexicology is the existence of the word as an independent language unit.Modern English lexicology investigates the problem of word structure and word formation, the classification of vocabulary units, description of the relations between different lexical layers of English vocabulary. As a science it has both theoretical and practical use. Card 2 1 What other branches of Linguistics is Lexicology connected with? Lexicology is closely connected with other branches of linguistics, such as phonetics, grammar, stylistics, which also study words from various angles. Lexicology is connected with Phonetics because the word is a two-facet unit which has both a form and meaning. There is also a close link between lexicology and Stylistics. Stylistics is concerned with the study of stylistic devices, on the one hand, and functional styles, on the other. Stylistics studies meaning, synonymy, antonymy, etc. not as such, but for the purpose of analysing texts, the effect they produce on the reader, in order to help the reader grasp the author's message.The links of lexicology with other branches of linguistics1) Lexicology is closely connected with phonetics because they have the same object of studies, they both studies the word, but phonetics studies the outer form and lexicology studies the inner form of the word 2 what is the main ways of word formation in english. There are four main kinds of word formation: prefixes, suffixes, conversion and compounds. English Language.Word-building is one of the main ways of enriching vocabulary. There are four main ways of word-building in modern English: affixation, composition, conversion, abbreviation. There are also secondary ways of word-building: sound interchange, stress interchange, sound imitation, blends, and back formation In word-formation of the English language derivation and compounding are known to occupy a very important place.Affixation is one of the most productive ways of word-building throughout the history of English. It consists in adding an affix to the stem of a definite part of speech. Affixation is divided into suffixation and prefixation [Suffixes may be classified proceeding from different criteria. According to the part of speech classification they fall into: suffixes forming nouns;b) suffixes forming adjectives;c) suffixes forming verbs;d) and adverb-suffixes Prefixation is the formation of words by means of adding a prefix to the stem. In English it is characteristic for forming verbs. Prefixes are more independent than suffixes. Prefixes can be classified according to the nature of words in which they are used: prefixes used in notional words and prefixes used in functional words [2].A compound word is a word composed entirely of smaller words.Blending is a special type of compounding by means of merging parts of words into one new word. This category of word-formation is a development which has linguistic value of its own in various languages. The tendency towards shortness has become most active in recent times, in present-day English, particularly [5].Conversion is a characteristic feature of the English word-building system. It is also called affixless derivation or zero-suffixation [2]. Card 3 1The lexicological studies can be of two types, viz., general and special. General lexicology is concerned with the general features of words common to all languages. It deals with something like universals in language. Special lexicology on the other hand studies the words with reference to one particular. General Lexicology deals with the general study of words and vocabulary, irrespective of the specific features of any particular language.Special Lexicology is the lexicology of a particular language (e.g.English, Russian, etc.), i.e. the study and description of its words and vocabulary. Special Lexicology may be historical and descriptive.Historical Lexicology discusses the origin of words, their change and development and investigates the forces modifying their structure and meaning.Descriptive Lexicology deals with the vocabulary of a given language at a given stage of its development. It studies the functions of words, their structure 2 2 Productive types of word formation? Some processes are more productive than others. This research paper deals with the most productive word formation processes of the English language, namely 'derivation', which includes 'prefixation', 'suffixation' and 'infixation', 'compounding' and 'conversion TYPES OF FORMING WORDSWord-formation is the system of derivative types of words and the process of creating new words from the material available in the language after certain structural and semantic formulas and patterns.Driver = v+-er (a verbal stem + the noun-forming suffix – er).The meaning ofDriver - the meaning of the stem drive- ‘to direct the course of a vehicle’ and the suffix -er meaning ‘an active agent’: a driver is ‘one who drives’ (a carriage, motorcar, railway engine, etc.). Card 4 1What does Lexicography studies?What is the meaning of lexicography the editing or making of a dictionary. : the principles and practices of dictionary making. lexicographical. ˌlek-si-kō-ˈgra-fi-kəl. adjective There are two types of lexicography. General lexicography is the compiling of dictionaries used by the general public. Specialized lexicography, also known as scholarly lexicography, compiles a more focused list of words in a particular language or subject.One important goal of lexicography is to keep the lexicographic information costs incurred by dictionary users as low as possible. Nielsen suggests relevant aspects for lexicographers to consider when making dictionaries as they all affect the users' impression and actual use of specific dictionaries. 2 What is understood by the term back formation? In linguistics, back-formation is the process of forming a new word (a neologism) by removing actual or supposed affixes from another word. Put simply, a back-formation is a shortened word (such as edit) created from a longer word (editor).Back-formation is a popular tool for creating new words from old ones, and it can be seen in many common words. Some back formation examples include: Edit: Edit comes from the word editor, which is formed by removing the suffix ''-or. '' The meaning changes from ''one who edits'' to ''to edit. Card 5 1,1 Diachronic and synchronic approach to the study of the vocabulary of the language ? Synchronic linguistics is the study of language at a particular point in time. Diachronic linguistics is the study of the history or evolution of language. According to Saussure, diachronic change originates in the social activity of speech.Synchronic linguistics aims at describing a language at a specific point of time, often the present. In contrast, a diachronic (from δια- "through" and χρόνος "time") approach, as in historical linguistics, considers the development and evolution of a language through history 2 What does the diachronic approach to the study of language deal with? Diachronic linguistics refers to the study of how a language evolves over a period of time. Tracing the development of English from the Old English period to the twentieth century Synchronic study of language refers to the study of language at a given point of time.Diachronic study of language refers to the changes that take place in course of time. Synchronic study is static whereas the diachronic study of language is dynamic.Diachronic study of language records the historical facts. On the other hand synchronic study does not deal with any historical facts or time factor. Card 6 What is the classification of clippings? There are four types of possible clipping processes, depending on which part of the word undergoes structural changes: back-clipping (temperature — temp, rhino — rhinoceros, gym — gymnasium), fore- clipping (helicopter — copter, telephone — phone, plane — aeroplane), mixed clipping (influenza — flu, refrigerator — ...There are two main types of clipping. These are:Initial clipping (also known as apheresis) which refers to removing the first syllable(s) to create a clipped word.Final clipping (also known as apocope) which refers to removing the last syllable(s) to create a clipped word. 2 What the most common types of conversion do you know? There are two types of conversion: implicit and explicit.An implicit conversion sequence is the sequence of conversions required to convert an argument in a function call to the type of the corresponding parameter in a function declaration. The compiler tries to determine an implicit conversion sequence for each argument. Explicit conversion or cast is a process of passing information to the compiler that the program is trying to perform conversion with the knowledge of possible data loss. For Example, if we are converting a higher numeric value into a lower one. Cqrd 7 1 What do you understand by the term "sound interchange"? sound-interchange is the formation of a word due to an alteration in the phonetic composition of its root. Sound-interchange falls into two groups: vowel-interchange (or ablaut): full − to fill, blood − to bleed, food – to feed. 9. Sound Interchange Another term for sound interchange is gradation. It is the feature that is characteristic of all Indo-European languages. In English sound interchange used to play a certain role in word-building: sit – sat, fall – fell. Vowel interchange is the most widespread case: food – feed, tooth – teeth, стіл – стола. Consonant interchange is a more rare case: advice – advise, сів - сіла. In other cases both vowel and consonant interchange takes place: bath – to bathe, grass – to graze, сидіти - село. Sometimes sound interchange is accompanied by affixation: deep – depth, long – length. 2 suffix prefix Prefixes and suffixes are added to words to change them. Prefixes are added to change the meaning of the root word. Suffixes are added so that the word will make grammatical sense in a sentence.Prefixes and suffixes can help you understand a word. They give you important information about the word. Suffixes can tell you what type of word it is, e.g. nouns often end in -ment (enjoyment), -ness (happiness) or -ion (education).Jan 17, 2018 The most common prefixes used to form new verbs in academic English are: re-, dis-, over-, un-, mis-, out-. The most common suffixes are: -ise, -en, -ate, -(i)fy. By far the most common affix in academic English is -ise. A word that is added before a root word to form a new word is called prefix. Card 8 1GENERAL LEXICOLOGY treats of general laws, characteristics of the word irrespective of the specific features of any particular language. SPECIAL LEXICOLOGY devotes its attention to the description of the characteristic peculiarities in the vocabulary of a given tongue. Special lexicology is the lexicology of a particular language (English, Russian, German, French, etc.). It describes words and vocabulary of one particular language. Every Special Lexicology is based on the principles of General Lexicology. 2Lexical meaning refers to the sense (or meaning) of a word (or lexeme) as it appears in a dictionary. Also known as semantic meaning, denotative meaning, and central meaning. Contrast with grammatical meaning (or structural meaning).In lexicography, a lexical item is a single word, a part of a word, or a chain of words (catena) that forms the basic elements of a language's lexicon (≈ vocabulary). Examples are cat, traffic light, take care of, by the way, and it's raining cats and dogs.Lexical vs Grammatical Meaning The categories of English words that are lexical include nouns, adjectives, most verbs, and many adverbs. Lexical meaning is dominant in content words, whereas grammatical meaning is dominant in function words, but in neither is grammatical meaning absent. Download 346.49 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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