2. research methods and networks of psychology plan

Formative (educational) experience is a method of researching and forming a mental process, a state or quality of a person. For example, the formation of children's ability to solve certain class problems. Test takers are introduced to relevant issues and the procedure for solving them is explained. Then they will be helped to acquire the necessary qualifications and skills. At the end of the experiment, the results are evaluated.
A field experiment is similar in nature to a laboratory one, only it differs in that it is carried out in the reality of a person's real life. For example, in a higher educational institution, an experiment is conducted on the introduction of a new educational program, on top of that, the program is introduced into the educational process in real order. Researchers are interested in whether the students' knowledge improves or remains the same as a result of the experiment. For this purpose, they examine the students' knowledge before and after the experiment and draw conclusions about the effectiveness of the experiment.
A recording experiment is an experiment whose task is to simply record and describe data, that is, to record events that actually occur without the active intervention of the researcher in the process. A recording experiment differs from a natural experiment in that the real state of tasks is simply recorded and the results obtained are not compared before and after the experiment. For example, determining the level of memory development in children. Test takers are offered a series of tasks to recall and demonstrate the material. According to the results of their performance, the level of memory development is determined.
Associative experience - K.G. A design method proposed simultaneously by Yung, M. Wertheimer, and D. Klein for the study of personal motivation. In this method, the subject is asked to say as quickly as possible the words that come to mind in response to a set of stimulus words. The resulting images are recorded according to the type, return, and time of the same images between the stimulus-word and the testee's response.
S.L. Rubinstein defined four different characteristics of experience. First, in an experiment, the researcher himself creates the phenomenon being studied, unlike observation, in which the observer cannot actively intervene in the situation. Secondly, the researcher can change the conditions of the study process. Thirdly, in order to determine the process being studied in the experiment, it is possible to exclude certain conditions in a variable way in order to establish legal relations. And, finally, and fourthly, the researcher can change the quantitative ratios of the conditions using the mathematical processing of the obtained data.
An important advantage of the experimental method is that the researcher should not be lazy and wait for the mental phenomenon that interests him to occur. In the experiment, since the researcher has created the conditions himself, there is an opportunity to fully take into account these conditions, as well as their effect on the experimenter. The creation of conditions by the researcher allows them to be repeated several times. Such repetition, on the one hand, serves as an objective confirmation of the obtained results, and on the other hand, it opens up the possibilities of data collection and their quantitative evaluation.
At the same time, the negative side of the experimental method is that the specially created conditions for its use can derail the natural course of the studied mental state (experimental conditions can cause excitement, fear, a desire to show one's positive sides), which which, in turn, leads to the distortion of the received information.
In recent years, psychological diagnosis methods and tests have been conducted on a large scale.
The objective methods of psychology also include tests used for the purpose of psychological diagnosis, assessment or determination of a specific person, group of people, the conditions and characteristics of this or that mental task.
A test is a short, time-limited psychological diagnostic test designed to establish individual differences expressed in quantitative terms. With the help of tests, it is possible to study people by comparing them with each other, to evaluate their psychology and behavior. The test consists of a set of tasks that the examinees must perform according to a strict rule that determines the behavior of the examinee. Performance of the tests is evaluated according to the criterion of the correctness of the answers. Points are awarded for correctly completed tasks. The stimulus material of the test should be accepted equally by all test-takers.
The meaning of the development of answers to tests is that the obtained data are compared with certain indicators of assessment using a key, for example, characteristics of a person. The final results of the detection are reflected in the test scores. Their value in diagnosis is usually determined by comparison with indicators obtained by statistical calculation in a large number of test subjects.
Tests are classified according to several criteria. According to the purpose, it is divided into selection, separation and classification tests. According to the content: a) for general abilities (intellectual and creative); b) special abilities: divided into personality tests, achievement tests, criterion-oriented tests. According to the form, the tests are individual and group, and are divided into the following types:
- verbal and non-verbal (according to the form of the presented tasks);
- blank tests ("pen and paper") - according to the form of presentation to the examinee;
- instrumental tests (using special tools);
- computer tests.
In terms of technical methods, the tests are divided into four types: 1) objective, in most cases instrumental, psychophysiological tests, for example, measuring the skin-galvanic reflex, which determines the emotional state; 2) survey methods or subjective tests, for example, general personality tests of G. Eysenck and R. Kettel; 3) "pen and paper" tests, for example, to diagnose attention - delete certain letters from the text or draw the nearest way out of the maze, etc.; 4) tests based on the evaluation of the behavior of the examinees, for example, the methodology of the group assessment of the person (SHGB).
In psychology, tests are used to study cognitive processes, emotional-volitional sphere, psychological properties of a person, and interpersonal relations. For example, Eysenck's verbal test is designed to assess mental abilities, and Taylor's test is designed to determine the level of anxiety.
Clinical method
Experimental and differential methods are usually used to study general facts of behavior, while the clinical method is aimed at studying individual characteristics. the clinical setting or the environment due to the care and treatment of people who come for counseling and treatment of physical and mental illnesses. In this sense, clinical methods recall all methods of coping with the task of investigating and proposing the root causes of a problem or extraordinary behavior and providing appropriate conditions and possible treatments: There is a very concept of clinical psychology, which can be described as the concept of a good clinical method: Clinical psychology is the art and technology solutions to personality correction problems. The analysis of this definition can help us distinguish some of the following characteristics about the nature and clinical method of treatment;
(I) the clinical method is particularly relevant.
(II) the person has some problems.
(III) Both methods of diagnosis and treatment are used to solve these problems.
(IV) means that the clinical approach cannot be applied to every patient, it is an art as well as science and technology, and it takes pleasure in creating a healthy and better humanity.
Thus, psychological diagnosis research and treatment of mental problems or individual disease are the main elements of this method.
Tests vary widely. Here are some of them:
1. Achievement tests are one of the psychological diagnostic methods that allow to determine the level of knowledge, skills and abilities of the examinee.
2. Perceptual tests - a method of psychological diagnosis that determines the mental capabilities of an individual.
3. Creativity tests - a collection of methods for studying and evaluating human creative abilities.
4. Personality tests are a method of psychological diagnosis that enables assessment of various aspects of an individual's personality.
5. Projection tests - for the holistic study of a person based on psychological interpretation, that is, the subject's private properties and circumstances are transferred to external objects consciously and unconsciously under the influence of prevailing needs, contents and values a set of applied methodologies.
For information on the exact use of the above types of tests, see A.Kh. It can be obtained with the help of Yugai's study guide "Obshchaya psikologiya: laboratorno-prakticheskie zanyatiya" (Tashkent, 2007).
6. The interview method is considered to be an auxiliary tool for additional clarification of the studied problem. Conversation is a method that provides direct or indirect access to psychological information through speech communication. The interview serves as the main method of obtaining information about the examinee, his tendencies and motives of actions, mental states, etc.
7. Psychological interview - an interview aimed at studying a person's personal qualities, perceptions, motives, etc. Due to the fact that interviewing as a psychological method requires a lot of effort and time, it is mainly used in individual research work, that is, in hospital practice, in counseling, and in the process of personal psychological correction. The advantage of this method is that, with the help of a well-trained psychologist, it is possible to learn about a person from sources such as expressions, facial expressions, posture, voice quality, appearance, originality of movements, activity level, emotional reaction and all other factors of communication. large amount of information can be obtained.
8. Questionnaire is a methodological tool used to obtain primary socio-psychological information on the basis of verbal communication, consisting of a questionnaire to obtain answers to a set of previously prepared questions.
9. Sociometry is a method of psychological research of interpersonal relations in a group in order to determine the structure of mutual relations and psychological compatibility.
In conclusion, it can be said that the effective use of a method depends on its validity (suitability for pre-specified evaluation) and reliability (allowing to obtain the same results in repeated and re-examination).
Reliability and validity are criteria by which the quality and high efficiency of psychological diagnosis can be determined.