2. research methods and networks of psychology plan

2.2 Peculiarities of scientific investigation in the field of psychology

Modern psychology is not a single science, but a set of scientific disciplines that claim to be an independent science.

This complex includes basic and practical, general and special fields of psychology related to education. the main areas of psychology are of general importance in knowing and explaining the psychology of human behavior, regardless of whether people are engaged in a specific activity. these fields of science should provide the same necessary knowledge to those interested in human behavior and psychology. sometimes, based on their general characteristics, they are summarized by the term "general psychology". the results of research in the field of general psychology are the basis for the development of all branches and departments of psychology.

The processes of integration and differentiation of scientific research take place in the science of psychology. In particular, the rapid development of psychology led to its differentiation - the emergence of a number of fields of psychological sciences, including interdisciplinary fields connecting psychology with other sciences. From the second half of the 19th century, psychophysiology, which studies physiological mechanisms that are the basis of mental processes, was formed. Research on the mental activity of animals, which began in the 18th and 19th centuries, created zoopsychology, which is inextricably linked with ecology, otology and other sciences. A separate branch of psychology is psychohygiene, psychotherapy and medical deontology, pathopsychology (studying the laws of mental processes such as perception, memory, thinking, etc.), neuropsychology (studying the relationship between mental processes and certain structures of the brain) and medical psychology, which studies psychocorrection.

Child psychology (studying the laws of mental development of a child) and pedagogical psychology (studying the psyche in the context of a goal-oriented pedagogical process, developing the psychological foundations of education and upbringing), youth psychology, which are closely related to each other (subject of study - age characteristics of the psyche), work psychology (issleduet researches mental activity and personality in the work process, develops recommendations on choosing a profession, organizing work teams, etc.), is important in the design of automated management systems and their improvement possessing engineering psychology (department of labor psychology that studies human activity in the "man-device" system); such as space psychology (studying the characteristics of mental activity in the conditions of space flight), social psychology (studying the formation laws of human activity and interpersonal relationships in a group), comparative psychology (the subject of study - commonalities and differences in the origin and development of human and animal psyche) were formed into independent departments. Many areas of psychology are divided according to the following criteria:
- specific activities (labor psychology, medicine, pedagogical psychology, art, sports psychology, etc.);
- development (animal psychology, comparative psychology, developmental psychology, child psychology, etc.);
- social generality (social psychology, individual psychology, group, class psychology, ethnopsychology, etc.).
The difference is important according to the purpose of activity in the fields (acquiring new knowledge and applying it): basic and applied sciences; according to the subject of research - developmental psychology, creativity, personality psychology, etc. Psychophysiology, neuropsychology, mathematical psychology, etc. can be cited as the sciences that arose based on the connection of psychology with other sciences. The development of complex relations of psychology with various fields of practice can be observed in organizational, engineering psychology, sports psychology, pedagogical psychology, and so on.Different authors list more than 100 branches of psychology. But in fact, their number is more than that.
Also, there are special sections and areas of psychology: differential psychology (studying individual differences between people), reception psychology, criminology and forensic psychology, psychology of scientific, technical and artistic creativity, psychology of aging (gerontopsychology). , aviation psychology.
Modern psychology is becoming rich and diverse, new fields of psychology have appeared in recent years: anthropological psychology, acmeology, psychology of threat and terrorism, psychology of Christianity, psychology of communication, period psychology, bioconstitutional psychology, psychology of "great science", psychology of growth. , psychology of living, quantum psychology, investigative psychology, psychology of artistic perception, psychological literary studies, psychology of hearing, psychology of the deaf-blind, psychology of readers and books, psychology of extinction, psychology of dreams and dreaming, love psychology, psychology of crisis and dangerous situations, exoteric psychology, psychology of fate, psychology of bigotry, psychology of abilities, psychology of privacy, psychology of educational activity, psychology of women, psychology of subordinate behavior, psychology of genocide and mass murders, service communication ps ichology, teacher psychology, appearance psychology, high school psychology, command psychology, marketing psychology, media psychology, psychology of electoral behavior, psychology of men, psychology of religion, tomology, psychology of fear, death psychology, alternative psychology and others are actively forming.
In addition to these areas, there are completely unexpected word combinations that represent either real events and types of people, or fields of knowledge, or special courses, in particular: debtor, lender, owner of securities, price-value, word cheating, football players, artist, dictatorship, bully, professional level, trust, faith, sexual relations, coaching activities, communication, gestures, emotional burnout, psychological culture of journalism, teaching activities, bias, design, children yini, unhappiness, emotional relationships, female infidelity, strife, achievement, travel, nationality, vindictive behavior, influence, dismissal, children's creativity, difficult teenagers, mind poor student, holiday, smile, jizzaki, couples, phone conversations, killer psychology are among them.
Traditional psychological sciences - general psychology, social psychology, personality psychology, psychology of communication, youth and pedagogical psychology are undergoing profound changes.
The basis of modern psychology is general psychology, which studies the general laws, regularities, and mechanisms of the psyche. It includes theoretical concepts and experimental studies that make scientific discoveries. General psychology has received the name of an academic discipline. As a subject, it has developed in universities and academic institutes, and has set itself the goal of acquiring basic knowledge.
In contrast, applied psychology works with a specific client, without conducting extensive and in-depth research that scientifically uncovers the unknown, the practical needs of the client, such as a commercial organization, a ministry or office, a military hospital or a comprehensive school. works with The main tool of practical psychologists is training, in particular: psychodrama, physical training, NLP-training, self-development training, social interaction training, gestalt training, personal growth training and business training, self-training and skill development. trainings, trainings for parents and children.A part of applied psychology covers a number of issues, including work-related difficulties (job dissatisfaction, disagreements with colleagues and superiors, the possibility of dismissal, problems of finding a new job), personal life disturbances, family conflicts, problems of international families, school or psychological counseling, which solves the problems of bad learning at university, problems of parent-child relations, lack of self-confidence and self-esteem, establishing and strengthening interpersonal relationships.
Branches of psychology
The science of psychology is divided into several groups depending on the field. We will first divide it into two big groups called theoretical and applied psychology.
Theoretical psychology teaches us basic laws and psychological theories and principles that serve as a foundation. It teaches us a wide variety of analysis, evaluation, modification, and feature development methods and techniques.
In applied psychology, the knowledge discussed and studied in theoretical psychology is tested. Here we apply psychological rules, principles, theories and techniques in real life and test our knowledge.
The above-mentioned theoretical and practical psychologies are also divided into different branches. Let's first consider the branches of theoretical psychology:
1. General psychology - studies the law - rules, theories and principles that perform the main foundational function related to the study of the characters of normal people;
2. Psychopathology is a branch of psychology that studies the cause of mental illness, the degree of its impact, and seeks ways to treat it.
3. Social psychology is a field of psychology that studies and explains the integration of people into social groups, group description, mental activity and behavior of a person, social psychological laws, situations, events, their interests, likes and dislikes, etc.
4. Experimental psychology is a branch of psychology that studies mental processes and phenomena in laboratories using scientific methods. These experiments are mainly carried out on animals and birds, and then on humans.
5. Physiological psychology - this branch of psychology studies the physiological and biological basis of behavior. Environment, physiological structure of the body, brain work, nervous systems and their working activities, etc. are the main subjects of this department.
6. Para-psychology - seeks answers to questions about extrasensory perception, the basis of reincarnation, telepathy and extraterrestrials
7. Geo-psychology is a branch of psychology that studies the nature-related aspects of landscape, soil, and air changes.
8. Developmental psychology - this branch of psychology organizes the changes that occur in the processes that continue from birth to adulthood. This branch of psychology, in turn, is divided into branches such as child psychology, middle-aged psychology, and adult psychology.