20-Mavzu: Pulning Xalqaro Munosabatlardagi Xarakati reja

16.9-jadvalAQS hto‘lovbalansi

Savdo balansi

Tarixiy nuqtai nazardan olib qaraganda, tashqi savdo-xalqaro iqtisodiy munosabatlarning ilk ko‘rinishi bo‘lib milliy xo‘jaliklarning jahon hamjamiyatiga aloqasini ifodalaydi. Xalqaro savdo orqali dunyoda mehnat taqsimotiga binoan mamlakat istiqboli belgilab beriladi. Tashqi savdo ko‘rsatkichlari to‘lov balansida o‘ziga xos ahamiyat kasb etadi.Tovarlar eksporti va importi ko‘rsatkichlari savdo balansining asosini tashkil etadi.
Hisob –kitob balansi-mamlakatni boshqa davlatlar oldidagi majburiyatlari va talablari o‘rtasidagi nisbat. Odatda, hisob-kitob balansi yilning oxiriga yoki boshiga tuziladi.
Hisob-kitob balansida mazkur mamlakatning boshqa davlatga bergan kreditlari va kiritgan investitsiyalari, shuningdek, mazkur mamlakatni boshqa davlatlardan olgan kreditlari va ularning kiritgan investitsiyalari aks ettiriladi.
Hisob – kitob balansi-mamlakatni boshqa davlatlar oldidagi majburiyatlari va talablari o‘rtasidagi nisbat. Odatda, hisob-kitob balansi yilning oxiriga yoki boshiga tuziladi.

Tarjima ishi
THE ACT OF MONEY IN INTERNATIONAL ATTITUDES
Money attitude scale Researchers (e.g., Furnham, Wilson, & Telford, 2012; Tang, 1995;Yamauchi & Templer, 1982) have proposed different money attitudesthat identify an individual's underlying motives toward money. Sev-eral scales have been developed. For instance, Yamauchi and Templer(1982) developed the Money Attitude Scale (MAS) that distinguishesfour motives for saving and spending: Power (i.e., money may help indi-viduals achieve power, status, and control through their purchases),Retention-time (i.e., money may help individuals budget appropri-ately to meet future financial needs such as retirement), Distrust (i.e.,money may help individuals approach situations involving money cau-tiously by being sensitive to the cost of goods and service), and Anxi-ety (i.e., money may cause anxiety because of fears associated with nothaving enough money).Researchers have demonstrated an association between moneyattitudes and compulsive buying. For example, Roberts and Jones(2001) reported that three of the money attitudes posited byYamauchi and Templer (1982)—Power, Distrust, and Anxiety—arerelated to compulsive buying. Spinella, Lester, and Yang (2014) repli-cated Roberts and Jones’ (2001) findings and also reported that com-pulsive buyers, in comparison to noncompulsive buyers, are more likelyto hold credit card debt but less likely to have a savings account.Clearly, compulsive buyers seem to have different motives toward sav-ing and spending when compared to noncompulsive buyers. What,then, might explain the causes for these different motives? Furnham(1984) and Kirkcaldy and Furnham (1993) argued that moneyattitudesare shaped by social and cultural factors (e.g., parental income, parent-ing practices, money habits, and socioeconomic class) that are acquiredearly in life and reinforced over the lifespan. In other words, the moneyattitudes of compulsive buyers may have been influenced more heav-ily by consumption symbolism, social motives, and materialism that isprevalent in Western societies, while the money attitudes of noncom-pulsive buyers have not been influenced to such a degree.1.3.2 Money Ethics ScaleTang (1992) developed the Money Ethics Scale (MES) to assess mone
In an effort to further expand understanding of factors that explainvar-
ious facets of compulsive buying, the authors examined how motives
for saving and spending money, ethical meaning ascribed to money,
pain of paying, and global life satisfaction predicted compulsive buy-
ing. This is important because compulsive buying impacts a significant
portion of the population (i.e., 5–16%; Maraz et al., 2016), and for com-
pulsive buyers, the inability to control their purchasing has significant
and sometimes severe consequences that can result in debt or inter-
personal problems (Christenson et al., 1994).
Although prior research has examined money attitudes and global
life satisfaction with compulsive buying, much of the extant research
is limited (i.e., conducted among university students) and is dated. The
current study used data the authors gathered from a Prolific Academic
sample of U.S. citizens between the ages 18 and 25, who were not col-
lege students in which money attitudes (i.e., motives for saving and
spending money, ethical meaning ascribed to money, and pain of pay-
ing) and global life satisfaction along with compulsive buying propen-
sity were assessed to develop and test the following hypotheses.
1.6 Hypotheses
1.6.1 Motives for saving and spending money
As noted previously, researchers (e.g., Roberts & Jones, 2001; Sp