2019 Q1: Brushtail Possums in nz
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2019 Bio schol paper
2019 Q1: Brushtail Possums in NZ There are many factors that have led to the successful establishment and the subsequent establishment of the common brushtail possum as a pest in NZ. The first of which could be linked back to the significant reduction in the number of predators and parasites that are in NZ in comparison to Australia. The common brushtail possum experiences a heightened level of predation and parasitism as they have 8 predators and about 60 parasites that each reduce the chances of survival in Australian forestry. However, when they have been translocated to NZ, the number of predators and parasites decrease drastically to just 2 predators and 9 parasite species. This therefore meant that the new population in NZ could establish much more easily as they had increased chances of survival, leading to increased chances of reproductive success within the NZ population. Hence why the common brushtail possum had a successful establishment in NZ grounds. There is also a number of changes in the environment that also allowed for the possum to be successful in NZ, like the increased range of niches available to them, as well as decreased competition, both interspecific and intraspecific. The possum is said to be a nocturnal marsupial, meaning they are active at night, and rest during the day. This niche and diet is said to overlap with many other possum and glider species in Australia, which means that interspecific and intraspecific competition for space/resting sites is increased. In contrast to NZ, where there aren’t many nocturnal organisms nor share the same diet, they only need to compete for space with the native birds for food and nesting sites. So when the possums establish in NZ, it is easier for them to do so as they have a larger range of habitats or vacant niches that they can exploit in order to successfully establish a population, and they have increased food abundance as there is little overlap with other species. So interspecific and intraspecific competition in NZ is decreased, meaning the possum species can thrive, leading to improved reproductive and survival success. Furthermore about the diet of the possums, the diet of the common brushtail possum in Australia is greatly limited to mainly Eucalyptus leaves, which contain toxic chemical substances that may eventually lead to death. Although, they may have adapted to have some form of resistance over time, they may still be susceptible to toxins. They have a limited diet here, and only feed on other, harmless, foods when available. Whereas in contrast to NZ, they have a much wider diet, consisting of more palatable vegetation like rata, kotukutuku, and kamahi, as well as expanding their diet to more protein rich sources like invertebrates, birds, and bird eggs. This new additional food sources allow for the possum to be more successful in NZ grounds than Australian grounds since there is a lowered likelihood of them starving as they have a broader diet now and more access with it, as well as fewer competitors. Thus, the chances of survival and reproductive success increase for the possum. However, as the possum predates on birds and bird eggs, they are now classified as a predator or pest species in NZ. In contrast to in Australia, they were mainly herbivores, but now in NZ with the additional food sources, they are omnivorous. And due to their success as a species, they had a population of about 60-70 million in 1980s, which classified them as a pest species as they most likely dominated the food web by predating on many bird eggs that may have been vulnerable. They are also herbivores to endemic plant species such as the rata, which classify them as a pest species as well. The possum species, however, did undergo many genetic changes that allowed them to be genetically differentiated from their ancestors in Australia. One genetic event that may have occurred is the founder effect when a relatively small population of just 300 possums were brought into NZ later to be dispersed throughout NZ. This had lead to the introduction of a very small, and likely non-representative sample of the original populations’ gene pool, and were as such more likely to have a greater impact due to genetic drift events. They may have a significantly reduced genetic diversity and may have lost or fixed alleles, also causing the chances of inbreeding to increase. However, as the possum species was relocated into NZ, they were dispersed into many different parts of NZ, including offshore islands such as Stewart Island. This essentially meant that the possum species was introduced to a large variety of vacant niches that each small population could exploit differently. This probably lead to adaptive radiation, as there were many vacant niches, so they could all be exploited differently. Furthermore, the geographic barriers between the North and South Island, as well as the offshore islands prevented successful gene flow from occurring. As such, due to different selection pressures (such as temperature, food, or predators), the different populations would have different changes in allele frequencies. As such, allopatric speciation probably occurred between the offshore islands, as well as allopatric speciation between the two larger islands (north and south). This gave rise to adaptive radiation, so as a result, many new species of possums were formed in NZ land. Therefore, as the different gene pools varied in numerous ways, and mutations gave rise to different alleles, these mutations would not be dispersed as each evolved independently. So, a large amount of genetic variation was occurring within the different NZ populations of possums. There was also some degree of cross-breeding or interbreeding between the North and South population of possums due to human control. This lead to the introduction of different alleles into the two different gene pools, which may have contributed to the increased genetic variation. Also, results show that the populations on Chatham, Stewart, and Codfish islands were much less genetically diverse as a result of prior founder effects. This is likely reflective of the fact that their island is much smaller and geographically isolated from the main populations that reside on the two main islands (north and south). So, less gene flow would be occurring, and there is less opportunities to exploit as many niches, also making them more vulnerable to genetic drift events that may fix or lose some alleles that reduce their diversity. Therefore, even though an initial founder population of possums were brought into NZ, it is seen that there is very little reduction in genetic diversity in the NZ population, compared to its original Australian population. Because the NZ population had access to a broader niche, more habitats, and were translocated throughout NZ and places they could never reach, adaptive radiation had resulted in many new species forming, and new alleles that came from new mutations. Download 136.27 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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