2019 Q1: Brushtail Possums in nz
Q2: Catfish and Cichlids
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2019 Bio schol paper
2019 Q2: Catfish and Cichlids
There are certain evolutionary and ecological processes that have resulted the different reproductive success and fitness outcomes for two different cichlid species as a result to being exposed to the catfish species. Ecological relationships also exist between the cichlid species and the catfish species. The first ecological relationship that exists between the cichlid, S. diagramma, and catfish, S. multipunctatus, is an exploitative brood parasitism. This occurs as the parasites (catfish) lays its eggs in the same area as the hosts’ eggs (cichlid) for it to be picked up by the female/maternal cichlid. The offspring of the catfish is then cared for and protected due to the mouthbrooding behaviour of the maternal cichlid, so it can grow safely. However, after it hatches, it will continue to use up its egg- yolk supply and by that time, the cichlid offspring hatch, which it will consume. Therefore, the cichlid species will be harmed as the offspring is killed, whilst the catfish species benefits as their offspring is successful in development and the parent does not need to expend any energy to care for it. This has its costs and benefits on the species involved. The catfish species does benefit from this ecological relationship as the offspring is often successful as the cichlid will inadvertently pick it up and care for it. This allows for the parent of the offspring to go else where to reproduce and lay its eggs somewhere else to infect another cichlid. Whilst doing so, they have to spend less energy caring for their offspring and can be used to forage for their own survival as well as spend this energy to produce more gametes and more eggs to further improve the success of their own species. However, there is a cost associated with this relationship, is that the parasite species become fully dependent on the host species taking care of them and supplying them with nourishment and shelter. This makes the catfish obligate parasites, and thus, any changes in the behaviour patterns that result in the cichlid species not picking up the catfish eggs will render the catfish offspring dead. There is a large cost for the cichlid species in this relationship as their offspring is often killed by the catfish offspring. This is because the catfish offspring hatch earlier than the cichlids, and as a result will predate on them afterwards. So it is often found that when it is time for the cichlid to release her offspring, almost none appear. So this reduces the chances of survival for the offspring, so fewer individuals have the chance to reach reproductive success, so the cichlid species will suffer. The cichlid species is an example of a species that adapts the K-reproductive strategy. This occurs as the cichlid maternal parent will expend a lot of energy to care for her offspring. This is demonstrated in the mouthbrooding behaviour that protects the offspring from predation to ensure they survive. But the parent will have a large energy cost as they do not feed during the time that they are incubating the eggs. However, because of this behaviour, it increases the chances of the cichlid species being susceptible to exploitation like brood parasitism. An evolutionary process that is likely to arise from parasitism is co-evolution. This is because the host species will evolve adaptations to prevent them from being parasitised by the parasite species, and subsequently, the parasite species will evolve adaptations to increase the chances of successful parasitism. Therefore, each act as a selection pressure for each other. This can be seen in the sympatric species S. diagramma and S. multipunctatus where S. diagramma has evolved adaptations to minimise its chances of experiencing parasitism like rejecting the eggs by spitting them out. This is because they each lived in the same lake, lake tanganyaki, so only individuals who had the specific adaptations to survive and not be parasitised by the catfish will be successful. So as a result, their alleles will be passed on more successfully, so their offspring can also reject and identify catfish eggs. This is shown in their relatively low percentage of catfish eggs in broods at 5.5%, compared to other cichlid species that have very high percentages. This can also be seen very well demonstrated in the in-vitro experiments that show that the sympatric species of cichlids with catfish exhibit a very high rejection rate to catfish eggs. Whereas an allopatric species did not reject any catfish eggs initially, and rejected a few after being experienced. This shows how the adaptations of the host species (cichlids) would have likely evolved as a result of brood parasitism. Download 136.27 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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