24. Word-Formation is the system of derivative types of words and the process of creating new words from the material available in the language after certain structural and semantic formulas and patterns

The following typical semantic relations:

I. Verbs converted from nouns (denominal verbs)--The semantic relations between the nouns and verbs vary greatly. If the noun refers to some object of reality (both animate and inanimate) the converted verb may denote:

1. 
   action characteristic of the object, e.g. butcher n — butcher v — ‘kill animals for food, cut up a killed animal’;
   
2. 
   instrumental use of the object, e.g. screw n — screw v — ‘fasten with a screw’.
   
3. 
   acquisition or addition of the object, e.g. fish n — fish v — ‘catch or try to catch fish’.
   

II. Nouns converted from verbs (deverbal substantives)--The verb generally referring to an action, the converted noun may denote:

1. 
   instance of the action, e.g. jump v — jump n — ’sudden spring from the ground’.
   
2. 
   agent of the action, e.g. help v — help n — ‘a person who helps’.
   
3. 
   place of the action, e.g. drive v — drive n — ‘a path or road along which one drives’.
   

28.Compounding or word-composition is one of the productive types of word-formation in Modern English. Composition like all other ways of deriving words has its own peculiarities as to the means used, the nature of bases and their distribution, as to the range of application, the scope of semantic classes and the factors conducive to productivity (week-end, office-management,postage-stamp). Compounds are made up of two ICs which are both derivational bases. Compound words are inseparable vocabulary units. They are formally and semantically dependent on the constituent bases and the semantic relations between them which mirror the relations between the motivating units. Compound words like all other inseparable vocabulary units take shape in a definite system of grammatical forms, syntactic and semantic features.