29. Acculturation?

29. Acculturation?
Acculturation is the process of cultural and psychological change that takes place as a result of contact between cultural groups and their individual members. Acculturation follows migration and continues in culturally plural societies among ethnocultural communities. Adaptation to living in culture contact settings takes place over time. Occasionally it is stressful, but often it results in some form of mutual accommodation. Acculturation has become one of the largest domains of research and application in recent decades. Most features of the process and the outcomes of acculturation and adaptation are now reasonably well understood, permitting the development of policies and programs to promote successful outcomes for all parties.
30.What is aesthetics?
Aesthetics (also spelled esthetics) is the branch of philosophy concerned with the nature of beauty and the nature of taste; and functions as the philosophy of art. Aesthetics examines the philosophy of aesthetic value, which is determined by critical judgements of artistic taste;[thus, the function of aesthetics is the "critical reflection on art, culture and nature".
Aesthetics studies natural and artificial sources of experiences and how people form a judgement about those sources of experience. It considers what happens in our minds when we engage with objects or environments such as viewing visual art, listening to music, reading poetry, experiencing a play, watching a fashion show, movie, sports or exploring various aspects of nature. The philosophy of art specifically studies how artists imagine, create, and perform works of art, as well as how people use, enjoy, and criticize art. Aesthetics considers why people like some works of art and not others, as well as how art can affect our moods and our beliefs.Both aesthetics and the philosophy of art try to find answers to what exactly is art and what makes good art.
31.Language and culture?
The relationship between language and culture is a complex one. The two are intertwined. A particular language usually points out to a specific group of people. When you interact with another language, it means that you are also interacting with the culture that speaks the language. You cannot understand one’s culture without accessing its language directly.
When you learn a new language, it not only involves learning its alphabet, the word arrangement and the rules of grammar, but also learning about the specific society’s customs and behavior. When learning or teaching a language, it is important that the culture where the language belongs be referenced, because language is very much ingrained in the culture.
32.Total physical response.
Total physical response is a language teaching method developed by James Asher, a professor emeritus of psychology at San José State University. It is based on the coordination of language and physical movement. In TPR, instructors give commands to students in the target language with body movements, and students respond with whole-body actions.
The method is an example of the comprehension approach to language teaching. Listening and responding (with actions) serves two purposes: It is a means of quickly recognizing meaning in the language being learned, and a means of passively learning the structure of the language itself. Grammar is not taught explicitly but can be learned from the language input. TPR is a valuable way to learn vocabulary, especially idiomatic terms, e.g., phrasal verbs.
33. Task based language teaching?
Task-based language teaching (TBLT), also known as task-based instruction (TBI), focuses on the use of authentic language to complete meaningful tasks in the target language. Such tasks can include visiting a doctor, conducting an interview, or calling customer service for help. Assessment is primarily based on task outcome (the appropriate completion of real-world tasks) rather than on accuracy of prescribed language forms. This makes TBLT especially popular for developing target language fluency and student confidence. As such, TBLT can be considered a branch of communicative language teaching (CLT).
34.Communicative approach. Audio lingual method?
The communicative approach and the audio-lingual method are two different approaches to language teaching and learning.
The communicative approach and the audio-lingual method have different underlying philosophies and teaching techniques. While the communicative approach focuses on meaningful communication and authentic language use, the audio-lingual method prioritizes accuracy and habit formation. Both approaches have their advantages and disadvantages, and their suitability may vary depending on the learners' needs, goals, and the context of language learning.