29 April 1818–13 March 1881

29 April 1818–13 March 1881

• 29 April 1818–13 March 1881

• Reigned from 3 March 1855 until his assassination in 1881

• Grand Duke of Finland and King of Poland

• Princess Marie of Hesse,

• thereafter known in Russia

• as Maria Alexandrovna

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• Crimean War (1853–1856)

• Britain and France invade Crimea

• The Nihilist Arrested

Positivism: the influence of sciene

• Begins in the 1840s as a response to the ills of society undergoing industrial revolution

• Karl Marx: economics

• August Comte: philosophy

• Taine: race, milieu and moment as defining features of art

• Darwin: evolution

• Positivism = the application of scientific method to society and social problems

Nihilists espoused the ideas of social progress

• Nihilists espoused the ideas of social progress

• Term becomes current with Turgenev’s Fathers and Sons (1862) where the hero Bazarov declares himself a nihilist

• Medical training; denies emotions, religion, sentiment

• Unsuccessful relationship, then gets sick and dies

Arrested in 1862

• Arrested in 1862

• Writes What is to be done? (pub. 1863) in Saints Peter and Paul Fortress in St Petersburg

• Revolutionary theme of women’s liberation, free love

• Revolutionary hero leads ascetic life

• Book highly influential on Lenin

Overthrow of Tsarist regime

• Overthrow of Tsarist regime

• Class warfare, revolution

• Atheism

• Communism

• Women’s liberation

• Free relations between sexes

• Creation of sewing circles to save girls from prostitution

Narodnik movement of 1860s and 1870s

• Narodnik movement of 1860s and 1870s

• 1874 Young people went out into the countryside to propagate revolution among the peasants

• Movement suppressed by the police, replaced by Narodnaya volya – terrorist organization

• Group suppressed after Alexander’s assassination, replaced by other groups including the Socialist Revolutionaries (SR)

• 1887 Lenin’s brother Aleksandr Ulianov hanged after attempt on life of Alexander III

Coronation – September 7, 1856

• Coronation – September 7, 1856

• Great national debate in wake of defeat

• Serfdom

• Law reform

• Industrial development begins, especially railways

• 3 March 1861

• Emancipation Manifesto was signed and published

• Peasants set free, but had to compensate landowners

Local Self-Government (Zemstvo) for the rural districts (1864) and the large towns (1870)

• Local Self-Government (Zemstvo) for the rural districts (1864) and the large towns (1870)

• Army and navy reorganization (1874)

• Reforms in education

• January Uprising in Poland (1863-1864)

• Martial Law in Lithuania

• Polish-Lithuanian territories were excluded from liberal policies

• 1876 Ems ukaz banning Ukrainian language

April 4, 1866 by Dmitry Karakozov

• April 4, 1866 by Dmitry Karakozov

• 20 April, 1879 by Alexander Solovyov

• December 1879

• 5 February 1880