3. psycho-physiological basis of behavior plan

Heredity is the property of organisms to pass on their traits and traits from generation to generation.
An axon is a branched end of a fiber that transmits signals to other neurons or muscles.
Dendrites are branched short processes of neurons that receive signals and transmit impulses to cells.
The psyche is an unobvious reality that is not directly observable, but can be defined through additional expressions.
Gender is the influence of biological and social factors in psychology and the defining characteristic of male or female differences.
Testosterone is the main male hormone. It occurs in both men and women. If testosterone rises in a woman's body, then this leads to the development of male genital organs in the fetus. Also, in boys during puberty, the development of external sexual characteristics is accelerated.
Unconditioned reflexes are an innate reaction of the body to important life factors (food, danger, etc.).
Conditioned reflexes are reactions of the body that are not innate, but are acquired in life conditions.
Receptors are sensory or sensory cells that, having received information about the stimulus, regardless of whether it is an internal or external stimulus, change it and send it to the nervous system. Suppliers are special structures.
The study of the nervous system is a rapidly developing field of modern science, which is of great interest and has managed to penetrate deeper into the secrets of man.
The functioning of the body as an integral structure is provided by bundles of nerve endings.
The nervous system consists of central, peripheral and autonomic divisions. The central nervous system (CNS) includes the brain and spinal cord. The brain acts as a controller in the body and provides psychomotor activity. In addition, the brain skillfully controls our thoughts and controls the five basic senses of the human body - sight, hearing, taste, smell and touch. [1]The peripheral nervous system consists of nerves and ganglions. The peripheral nervous system supplies the heart, lungs, digestive system, and other internal organs, blood vessels, and tissues that make up the autonomic nervous system. Its activity does not depend on the willpower of a person. (Figure 3.1)
The nervous system controls the voluntary and involuntary functions of the body. An example of involuntary tasks is digestion. The billions of nerve cells that make up the nervous system receive information both from the organism itself and from the external environment.
Thomas Willis (1621-1675) was the first to map the brain and determine the functions of the nerves. The German physician Franz Gall (1758-1828) created a phrenological map of the brain and applied to it the properties of the psyche, which he called "mental abilities".
The brain and spinal cord, two vital organs, are surrounded and protected by the bones of the skull and spine. The main components of the brain are the cerebrum (two hemispheres), the cerebrum, and the spinal cord. The cerebral hemispheres are the main part of the body that receives information and transmits it to other parts of the body. The hemispheres are responsible for speech, thinking and memory. The cerebellum mainly helps coordinate body movements. The spinal cord controls functions such as heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure.
The nervous system controls the activity of all human organs in close interaction with the endocrine system. Thoughts, memories, feelings or intuitions of a person, like his every conscious action, are a reflection of his actions. In addition, the nervous system controls internal, vegetative, unconscious functions: body temperature, heart rate and other elements of homeostasis (balance, constancy).
The nervous system is divided into somatic and autonomic divisions. The first is the connection of the body with the external environment, providing sensation and movement with the help of skeletal muscle contractions. The second affects metabolism, respiration and excretion.
Basic unit of the nervous system
The human body is made up of different types of cells, such as bone cells, muscle cells, body cells, and each type has a specific function, forming a unit of millions of small cells. Part of the body is reserved for nerve cells responsible for electrical messages. Our nervous system is made up of nerve cells. A nerve cell with all its branches is called a neuron. These neurons are the ultimate structure and functional unit of the nervous system. The number of neurons in the human nervous system is estimated at 200 billion 100. They are basically the same in composition, but come in different lengths, shapes and sizes, designed for specific tasks. Each neuron contains millions of RNA molecules, each of which amplifies the genetic instructions of DNA.
The brain is made up of white and gray matter. Gray matter is formed from bundles of nerve cells, and white matter from nerve fibers. Until recently, the gray matter was mainly associated with the formation of walking and running skills. Today, scientists have discovered another law - people who are capable of learning and performing new dance movements have a more active brain.
The functions of the cerebral hemispheres can be graphically described as follows (Table 3.1).

Tasks	Tasks
Left hemispheres Right hemispheres	Left hemispheres Right hemispheres
1. Chronological order 1. Current time	1. Chronological order 1. Current time
2. Remembering names, words, symbols 2. Memorizing images, specific events, recognizing people by faces	2. Remembering names, words, symbols 2. Memorizing images, specific events, recognizing people by faces
3. Reading maps, drawings 3. Accepting free space	3. Reading maps, drawings 3. Accepting free space
4. Activity of speech, sensitivity to meaning 4. Acceptance of an emotional state	4. Activity of speech, sensitivity to meaning 4. Acceptance of an emotional state
5. See the world happy and bright. 5. See the world in black.	5. See the world happy and bright. 5. See the world in black.
6. Acceptance in full 6. Full, figurative acceptance	6. Acceptance in full 6. Full, figurative acceptance

American scientists (R. Hayer and others) found that men and women think differently. When studying the anatomy of the brain, it was found that in men the gray matter is more activated, and in women the white matter is more activated. In other words, in the process of thinking, the stronger sex uses 6.5 times more gray matter than women, and the weaker sex uses 10 times more white matter.[2]

The essence of the theory of sexual selection:
Sexual selection is the process of competition between one sex for another sex in order to produce offspring. This mechanism is one of the reasons that prompted the process of evolution
Sexual selection usually occurs in natural selection. According to modern ethologists, the feeling of love and self-sacrifice arose as a result of sexual selection.
evolutionary aesthetics. If evolutionary ethics has acquired the status of a scientific field, then evolutionary aesthetics has not yet become widespread.
The concept of consciousness. Consciousness is the highest level of mental processes. Its main characteristics are movement and intensity. It has recurrent and Turkic properties. "I am the essence." The relationship between human consciousness and brain development.
The state and characteristics of each mental process of a person are associated with the activity of the entire central nervous system. A nerve cell, the basic structure of the nervous system, is called a neuron. An axon is a branched end of a fiber that transmits signals to other neurons or muscles. Dendrites are branched short processes of neurons that receive signals and transmit impulses to cells. American scientists (R. Hayer and others) found that men and women think differently. When studying the anatomy of the brain, it was found that in men the gray matter is more activated, and in women the white matter is more activated. In other words, in the process of thinking, the stronger sex uses 6.5 times more gray matter than women, and the weaker sex uses 10 times more white matter.[2]
The essence of the theory of sexual selection:
Sexual selection is the process of competition between one sex for another sex in order to produce offspring. This mechanism is one of the reasons that prompted the process of evolution
Sexual selection usually occurs in natural selection. According to modern ethologists, the feeling of love and self-sacrifice arose as a result of sexual selection.
evolutionary aesthetics. If evolutionary ethics has acquired the status of a scientific field, then evolutionary aesthetics has not yet become widespread.
The concept of consciousness. Consciousness is the highest level of mental processes. Its main characteristics are movement and intensity. It has recurrent and Turkic properties. "I am the essence." The relationship between human consciousness and brain development.
The state and characteristics of each mental process of a person are associated with the activity of the entire central nervous system. A nerve cell, the basic structure of the nervous system, is called a neuron. An axon is a branched end of a fiber that transmits signals to other neurons or muscles. Dendrites are branched short processes of neurons that receive signals and transmit impulses to cells.
But the plasticity of the nervous system is not the only mechanism for maintaining the sharpness of the mind into old age. Another way that nature has prepared is the formation of new nerve cells in the brain of adult mammals, or the phenomenon of neurogenesis. If nerve cells don't divide, where do new neurons come from? They are formed from adult stem cells.
Consciousness is the highest level of the psyche and is unique to man. Consciousness is the result of constant interaction with other people with the help of language in the formation of human labor activity in socio-historical conditions. In this sense, consciousness is a social product, as the thinkers emphasized..
Language is the main condition and instrument for the emergence of consciousness. The lowest level of the psyche is the unconscious. The unconscious is a collection of such mental processes and phenomena that a person does not react to his actions, does not understand. This includes dreams, some pathological phenomena, absent-mindedness, hallucinations.
The second communication system, the endocrine system, is located in a narrow link of the central nervous system. The iron-containing substances of the endocrine system produce chemical hormones. These hormones are produced in some tissues of the body, and with the blood flow they are transfused into other tissues and affect them.
Behavior is a set of complex reactions of a living organism in response to external influences of the environment. It should be emphasized that living beings have behavior of varying complexity depending on the level of mental development. Therefore, based on the above considerations, four main levels of development of the psyche of living organisms can be distinguished, these are: sensitivity, sensations (emotions), behavior of a highly structured biological species (externally determined behavior), human consciousness (causal behavior). It should be emphasized that each of these levels has its own stages of development. A person has a high level of mental development.
Psychophysiological foundations of behavior
What makes you you? The most important thing is that each of our people is unique. Each person looks different: he has a different voice, language, personality traits, interests, cultural and family conditions that distinguish people from each other.
We are also leaves of the same tree. Our human family is not only a common biological heritage that distinguishes us from each other and is rooted in our blood, but also a common behavior. The architecture of our brain helps us make sense of the world, develop language, and feel hungry through the same mechanisms. Whether we live in arctic or tropical climates, we prefer sweet to sour. Divide the color spectrum into similar colors. And we feel the need to create and protect our offspring.
Our kinship is manifested in our social behavior. Whether it's Wong, Nikomom, Smith, or Gonzalez, we begin to fear strangers around eight months of age, and as adults we prefer people based on kinship and similarity. Wherever we are from different parts of the world, we can read other people's smiles and blush. As members of the community, we are moral, supportive, establish a hierarchy of status to punish crimes, and are united in our grief over the death of a child. From space, you can find people living in families and groups, dancing and rejoicing, singing and praying, playing sports and games, laughing and crying, in one guest place. Taken together, these universal behaviors define our human nature.
Evolutionary psychologists, as a result of studying the relationship between Darwin's theory and behavior, have found that our universal personality traits and our individual differences are the subject of study of behavioral genetics (behavioral genetics).
The theory developed by Darwin was one of the greatest discoveries of mankind in understanding wildlife. Darwin was the first to prove the fact of evolutionary change in organisms. In his theory, the interaction of the environment and organisms has its own character. Darwin mentioned that changes in the environment are the impetus for changes in organisms, but on the other hand, changes have been observed in organisms, and the divergent evolution of organisms has also changed their environment. The study of natural selection and the struggle for survival studies the relationships of organisms, the influence of the environment, the development of organisms as autonomous units in a hostile environment. The modern theory of evolution is based on Darwin's theory. Therefore, we can say that Darwin's theory can logically and logically answer important questions about the structure of the organic world in the process of evolution.Behavioral genetics has been studied as follows:
Twin research. Several methods have established that the twins originated from the same and different fertilized eggs. Typically, twins that develop from the same egg are similar in appearance, health, behavior, and gender. Their similarity is explained by the similarity of chromosomes and genes in the blastomeres that played a role in their creation.
Although twins, formed from two different eggs, develop in the womb at the same time and under the same conditions, their appearance and characteristics differ from each other due to the difference in the genes of the chromosomes in them.
Study of adopted children.
In the process of conducting a natural-social experiment, two groups of relatives of a child adopted from an orphanage were studied. Some of them are genetic relatives (biological parents) and social relatives (adoptive parents). Geneticists are interested in which group of relatives the child is more like. And I wonder how similar they are.
GEN-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION
How genes and environment interact.
Can we assume that our personality is just a product of our genes? No, because genes and environment, nature and nurture work hand in hand.
The most important thing we have in common, the hallmark of our species, is our great adaptability. Some human traits, such as having two eyes, develop the same way in any environment. But other characters are expressed in a special environment. Walking barefoot in the summer, you develop stiffness, clubfoot - a biological adaptation to friction. Meanwhile, your neighbor's horseshoe will be brand new. The difference between the two of you is definitely a result of your environment. But it is also the product of a biological mechanism - an adaptation. Our common biology contributes to the development of our differences (Buss, 1991).
Genes are self-regulating. Instead of acting like a template that produces the same result no matter the situation, genes respond. Green African honeysuckle in summer turns brown in autumn. Genes that produce brown in one situation will produce green in another, thanks to genetic variations that control temperature. Thus, exactly the same people, but with different experiences, will have similar thoughts, but not quite. Gemini can fall in love in a completely different way than his partner loves. Asking us whether our character is more a product of our genes or our environment is like asking whether the area of ​​a field is more a product of longitude or latitude. However, we may wonder whether the different areas of different fields are more the result of their differences in width and length. And we may also ask whether the differences in character between people are due more to nature or nurture.
It is true to say that both genes and life experience are important. Or rather, they interact. Imagine two babies: one is genetically perfect, sociable and attractive, and the other is less so. We assume that the first child will receive more loving and stimulating care than the second, and will grow into a friendly and kind-hearted person in life. As both grow, the naturally friendly child will later seek out activities and friends that promote greater social courage.
What caused their resulting personality differences? Neither heredity nor experience are in themselves incompatible. The environment causes the activity of genes. (Scientists are currently studying the influence of the environment on when certain genes trigger protein formation.) Our genetically determined characteristics elicit a significant reaction from our partner in another dance, as well as from other people. Therefore, the impressionability and aggressiveness of the child may be an angry reaction of the teacher, who treats with warmth the exemplary child in the class. Parents can also treat their children differently: one is punished, while the other is not. In this case, the character of the child and the upbringing of the parents interact. None of them operate in isolation. Heredity and the cosmos go hand in hand.
Reminder links help us explain. Why do identical twins who grew up in different families remember their parents warmly as strikingly similar - almost identical to identical parents (Plomin, 1998, 1991, 1994). The friendly twins have great memories of their early family life, even though they grew up in the same family! Sandra Scar (1990) noted that "children leave us with different parenting experiences depending on their qualities." In addition, the result of the selection may be at work. As we age, we choose the environment according to our nature.
Therefore, from the point of view of advanced understanding, we are the product of a degree of interdependence between our genetic predisposition and our environment.
Depending on our characteristics, we uniquely choose the environment. And we react out of our own nature. Because of this, our heredity influences how people interact with us and influence us.
Biological characteristics have social implications. So forget that nature is the opposite of nurture, think about nurture through nature.
The twin method is to study the development of similar traits in twins. It is known that a person has two types of twins. In some cases, not one, but two (in rare cases, three or even four) eggs are fertilized. Twins develop from the same egg and from different eggs. Twins that have developed from the same egg are identical and extremely similar to each other. This is understandable, of course, because they have the same genotype. The differences between them depend only on the influence of the environment. Twins that develop from different eggs are identical, identical or different sexes, just like brothers or sisters who are not twins. Gemellology is the science that studies twins.
Mechanism of natural selection: In the process of natural selection, mutation, that is, the process of adaptation of organisms, is enhanced. Natural sorting is usually done through "obvious" mechanisms. He is engaged in social and natural sciences. It includes the basics of psychology, certain facts, the mechanism and psychological activity of a person, and groups of people.
1) Organisms leave more offspring than they survive.
2) There is variability in the population of these organisms that is passed down from generation to generation.
3) Organisms with genetic characteristics reproduce and survive at different levels.
At the beginning of this century, as the influence of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution grew, it was common to classify all types of behavior as instincts. if people criticize themselves, it is because of their "self-abasement instinct". if they boasted, it reflected their "self-expression instinct". one sociologist, after looking through five hundred books, compiled a list of 5759 possible human instincts! the desire to attribute to each character its own instinct had already collapsed under its own weight. this happened because the first theorists-instinctologists did not explain human behavior, but only gave it a name. this process flagged the smart child as "distracting" and reminded him to "explain" his poor grades. to name behavior is not to explain it.To be classified as an instinct, collective behavior must have a stable pattern among species, and not be acquired (Tinberg, 1951). Similar behavior is characteristic of other species of the animal world (remember imprinting in birds and homing in salmon to spawn). Human behavior also exhibits simple fixed patterns such as inborn tendencies, including sucking and motor reflexes in infants. However, most psychologists believe that human behavior depends on physiological needs and spiritual aspirations.
Although instinct theory cannot explain the causes of human behavior, the underlying assumption that genes provide species-specific behavior is very important. We have seen this in subsequent chapters when discussing our biological tendency to internalize certain dislikes and further in the evolution of behavior towards mutual assistance, our imagined interest, and our sexual differences.
Instincts are complex innate actions of an animal to satisfy its natural needs. Birds are very skilled at building a nest, they perform various actions in choosing materials and building a nest. For example, the nesting of swallows, the male Kalyushka fish digs a hole in the ground under water, covers it with small aquatic plants, builds the side wall of the nest and covers it, secreting a sticky substance from larger plants from its body. After that, the male fish drives the female to lay eggs and guards the territory until the eggs hatch. The Russian zoopsychologist V. A. Vanger (1849-1934) observed and described the behavior of the female spider in terms of her unwanted instincts. For example, pests often eat the inside of a spider's cocoon. But the female spider continues to guard the empty cocoon and move it from side to side. There are also cases when a female spider builds a cocoon and repeats several times the actions usually performed during oviposition, and in fact does not lay eggs. However, he moves on to the next step, guarding the empty cocoon and moving it around. The adequacy of the reaction of bees is also relative. If you pierce the back side with wax, then after the bees pour some nectar into an empty nest, it will be sealed with wax, although nectar will flow out the other side. The French researcher C. Fabry observed the inappropriate behavior of the wasp. When the wasp, like all other wasps, enters the nest to inspect the nest, the explorer repels his prey. The bee leaves the nest, looks for it, quickly puts it back in front of the nest and returns to the nest to check. Fabri pushes the grasshopper forty times in front of the bee's nest, and the bee finds its prey forty times and checks the nest to bring it back. These examples show the limitations of instinct. Instinctive actions are strictly dependent on certain conditions. The mechanism of action of instinct is such that external conditions cause a reflex reaction, then the next reaction, and so on. Thus, he activates a whole chain of reflexes and implements a genetically reinforced program. Instinctive actions become irrelevant as soon as standard conditions change. Therefore, instinctive forms of behavior are appropriate only in constant conditions.
Animal instincts come in many forms. The instinct of food is the desire of an animal to find food for itself and its offspring.
The instinct of protection - in an animal is expressed in the desire to preserve its life and safety and manifests itself in two ways. The first is to attack the enemy, and the second is to defend. Every animal uses an organ such as horns, hooves, teeth, claws, spikes, or a poisonous liquid to protect itself from the enemy. For example, the African cobra can shoot venom at a distance of up to 3.5 meters. A small monster lives in America, whose skin is covered with black wool. He was practically immune to all sorts of monsters. Animals recognize him by a long stripe on his back. This animal is called a skunk. Nature endowed the skunk with a gland that indiscriminately releases a poisonous, smelly liquid. At the slightest threat, the skunk turns its back to the enemy, raises its tail and sprays liquid into the air. As a result, even the largest predators are "cut down" for several hours. All animals in America try to avoid the skunk. It was decided to adapt this animal to the new climate, and the young animals were kept in a fenced area. The wax glands were removed from the animals so that the attendants would have no difficulty in caring for the animals. Free-living skunks roamed the forest. When skunks were attacked, they turned away rather than ran away and became easy prey for their enemies. Since then, other ways have been found to feed skunks without cutting their glands.
The reproductive instinct is seen as a parental instinct, caring for offspring, providing them with food for a certain period of time, protecting them from danger, caring for their children is innate, having skills and caring for the future of their offspring. For example, in some spider species, females make cocoons from fibers for their eggs. This cocoon is guarded and often moved by the female spider, as soon as young spiders appear, the female spider guards the nest without leaving her. As the offspring grow, the female spider becomes less interested in them, and then the spiders move on their own and leave them after they are left. [2]
The instinct to live in a herd manifests itself when animals interact in different ways, converge in different ways, live in herds, herds and herds. This grouping is constant in some animals (such as insects, ants, bees), and some from time to time live together with similar animals, mainly predators, for example, the tiger is the strongest, and the monkey is the most terrible predator. The leopard always attacks the monkeys on the ground as quickly as the cat, the chimpanzee is always a strong animal, but the leopard never has a day for them. Chimpanzees generally hate the leopard, and as soon as they see one, the chimpanzees form a group and surround the animal from all sides, crossing their arms wildly, jumping and screaming. In some cases, the chimpanzees take up clubs and beat the tiger. A herd of insects, a herd of birds, a herd of mammals, a herd of predators are forms of living in a permanent herd of animals.
It is known that in the hive there is one queen bee, several dozen males and several hundred barren worker bees (without genitals). The behavior of worker bees is very complex. As they progress, each worker bee changes its role in the hive. First he feeds the bees, cleans the hive, then guards the hive, finds food and builds cages. The instincts of the ground bee also consist of a very complex chain of actions. He digs a nest for himself and each time before flying away, he fills it with earth. Having brought the prey, the bee places it at the entrance to the nest, moves the ground away, inspects the nest, and only then brings it into the nest. Instinctive actions are unconscious actions, innate and inherited. These are unconscious actions, reinforced by genetics, formed in the course of the struggle for life and the most successful adaptation to the environment. These are not rational actions carried out by the mind. For example, when a newborn mouse is bathed and brought to a cat, she lovingly feeds, nurses and protects the mouse as her own children, but does not realize that it is a mouse. When duck eggs are laid on a hen, she does not distinguish between duck eggs and feeds the ducklings hatched from these eggs. Thus, instincts are actions that always appear in the same form, but instincts can change according to circumstances. Instinctive behavior is behavior directed towards the same species in all animals of that species. As a rule, behavior based on instinct is determined by biological expediency and ensures the survival of a certain member of a species or an entire species. However, the idea that the behavior of an animal is determined only by heredity and does not change during its life cannot be considered very correct.
It should be emphasized that the biological essence of the influence of the organs that stimulate and direct the behavior of animals is not natural, but changes and develops depending on the specific conditions of the lifestyle and ecological properties of the organism. For example, if you feed a starving frog with worms and put a match and a pinch of moss in front of it, the frog will grab the match, which has an elongated shape similar to worms. But when the frog is fed spiders, it ignores the match and throws it away. Now round shapes are beginning to acquire nutritional value for him.
Until the middle of the 17th century, many believed that there could be no commonality between man and animals in the internal structure and behavior of their bodies, as well as in their origin. Then the commonality of the mechanics of the body was recognized, and the differences between the psyche and human behavior were preserved (XVII-XVIII centuries).
In 1872, C. Darwin published his book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, which revolutionized the understanding of the connection between biological and psychological phenomena. In his work, Darwin proved that the principle of evolution applies not only to the biological development of animals, but also to their psychological and behavioral development. According to him, there are many similarities between the behavior of animals and humans. He substantiated this point of view by his observations on the external expression of various emotional states in animals and people. From this period, studies of the human and animal psyche quickly began. Under the influence of Darwin, these works were initially carried out on emotions and external reactions, but later they extended to the field of practical thinking.
In the 20th century special differences in temperaments between animals aroused the interest of researchers (I.P. Pavlov), and at the same time the search for similarities in communication between humans and animals, group forms of behavior, and cognitive mechanisms began.
Before identifying the differences between humans and animals, it is necessary to find an answer to the question of how important it is for a teacher to know the results of such studies.
All existing knowledge about the psychology and behavior of animals can be obtained in one of two ways: inherited or acquired through natural knowledge. Traits and traits that are inherited are not subject to education; a characteristic that arises spontaneously in an animal can also manifest itself in a person without a special educational process. When studying a person, by comparing him with animals, in the presence of both anatomical and physiological rudiments, since a person has reached a higher level of development in his psychology and behavior than animals, this achievement can be consciously controlled through education and training. ... is the result of knowledge. Thus, a comparative psychological-behavioral study of humans and animals makes it possible to correctly, scientifically substantiate the content and methods of raising children.
Animals, like humans, have innate innate abilities that allow them to perceive the world as simple sensations and remember information. All the main sense organs: perception, vision, hearing, touch, smell and taste, skin sensitivity, etc. are formed in humans and animals at birth.