3. The history of writing the work of “Robinson Crusoe”
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There is probably no one who has not read this famous work. When I first read it as a child, I became a Robinson. If I went to my grandmother's house in the village, I would go to the fields around the field shed and do my own robinson. But my life on this "deserted" island lasted only two hours. Later, when I read this work as an adult, after graduating and learning about many historical periods, it was not just an interesting adventure, but an almost philosophical treatise on huge social problems and the place of the individual in society. I was like studying. Daniel Defoe achieved literary immortality with Robinson Crusoe. With this work, he dared to oppose the political, social and economic situation of his time. Depicting a utopian environment without society at all, Defoe criticizes the political and economic aspects of English society. Crusoe has become a person that every student can put himself in his place. In this way, Defoe mobilizes us to see distant islands and the solitude of the human psyche.A common theme often depicted in literature is the conflict between the individual and society. At the beginning of the play, Robinson Crusoe thinks not about society, but about his family's views, how he will fail in life if he does not want to run the family business as his parents say. From this point of view, Defoe's novel seems somewhat autobiographical. The life style of the writer, his friends and enemies, and his natural interests, such as relations with merchants, are clearly reflected in the work. These similarities occur several times throughout the novel. Like Crusoe, Defoe also rebelled against his parents.But unlike Crusoe, Defoe publishes many essays and articles that rebel against the government and society, just as Aldous Huxley, the author of Brave New World, reflects the social problems of English society. Defoe was later accused of libel and imprisoned for these articles. In Robinson Crusoe, Defoe uses the story of a shipwrecked soldier to criticize society. In the conditions of the island, Defoe manages to show what is necessary for the formation of a utopian society. This was a very controversial topic in England at the time. In England of that time, many citizens were persecuted because of their political views. However, Defoe believed that political freedom is a right that every member of society should have.Crusoe was separated from the rest of the world and was able not only to survive, but also to create a utopian society dependent on him. This "Marxian" economic system created proves that it is possible to create a utopian environment despite having only one "citizen". There are no other people who disturb Crusoe's harmony with nature. "Now I begin to realize how much happier my present life is than the evil, cursed, disgusting life of my past." Robinson's stay on a deserted island, although seen as a punishment sent by God for his past sins, forced the hero to realize himself. His new life was better than his life in England.Episodes in Robinson Crusoe arise from situations, and the situation is such that it naturally leads to a radical change in the hero's worldview and ultimately to the solution of all his problems. The island has a good effect on Crusoe, it causes Crusoe's mental, physical and spiritual development. By working with the things around him, Crusoe learns to find and use all the things he needs to live, rather than resenting his misery. Thus, the island symbolized his growth as a human being and the final victory of man over nature that ultimately led him to God.Along with criticizing society, Defoe gives Crusoe's surroundings symbolism that supports the idea of creating a utopian environment. Crusoe calls the newly grown barley and corn on the island "the achievements of nature," but in reality, these grains are symbols of the spiritual and emotional growth that is taking place within him. The idea of the island and Crusoe living together and giving each other harmony fully supports the idea of a utopian society. It is at this point in the book that Crusoe realizes that he can only depend on himself to survive. On this island, he sees that he is the only survivor among those on the ship, as a proof of his happiness.Although Crusoe found his sanctuary on the island, he is also a human being, that is, a social being, who also needed social contact. Although he got used to his situation and accepted his fate, when he saw human traces on the island for the first time, his longing for the same social environment ignited in him. This supports Aristotle's famous ideas. He said that "man is a social being, in order to live well in absolute solitude, he must be either an animal or God."No book in the history of Western literature has spawned more editions, translations, imitations, and sequels than Crusoe. The tone and point of view used by Defoe allows the reader to experience the changes that occur in Crusoe while on the island. REFERENCES Defoe, Daniel (1998-06-10) [1719]. Robinson Crusoe. hdl:20.500.12024/K061280.000. ISBN 9780486404271. Heitman, Danny (2013-01-11). "Fiction as authentic as fact". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 2017-08-02. Retrieved 2017-08-08. Rhead, Louis. LETTER TO THE EDITOR: "Tobago Robinson Crusoe's Island", The New York Times, 5 August 1899. "Robinson Crusoe and Tobago", Island Guide Severin, Tim (2002). In Search of Robinson Crusoe. New York, NY: Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-07698-X. Drabble, Margaret, ed. (1996). "Defoe". The Oxford Companion to English Literature. 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