№4/2020 year. Technical science and innovation
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№4/2020 year.
Technical science and innovation
224 a result of which the economy of seeds, fertilizers, plant protection products and an increase in yield are provided [6]. This is a relevant scientific task of great economic importance. This work is aimed at improving the accuracy of sowing seeds with a given number into the cluster. This will allow, firstly, to dispense with the thinning or replanting seedlings and to reduce the costs of cotton cultivation; secondly, to ensure the optimal plant density and to get the maximum yield. Reasonable parameters and operating modes of the apparatus will increase the speed of the sowing aggregate, and, consequently, its productivity.
The main task of the pneumatic planter is to sow the seeds in a certain amount with precision and minimum seeding rates, to distribute the seeds evenly in the cluster and in the row, to create optimal conditions for seed germination and good seedling development. Collecting seeds at a certain distance, placing them in the cluster and improving the quality of cover with earth processes, as well as the creation of more advanced working bodies for this purpose will help to have the optimal thickness of plants per hectare. To describe the work of precision sowing apparatuses a general indicator is used which is the accuracy of the distribution of seeds in the clusters. Accuracy of seed distribution in clusters refers to the sowing of a predetermined number of seeds in each cluster. [7] According to scientific research and literature on seed sowing, it is recommended to sow cotton in different soils for the following thicknesses: - in fertile gray soils with groundwater deep located, as well as in meadows and meadow- swamp soils where groundwater is close to the surface, the thickness of cotton before harvest should be 70-90 thousand pieces per hectare; - in average fertile soils the thickness of cotton should be 90-105 thousand pieces per hectare; - for fine-fiber cotton varieties, the crop thickness will be reduced by 5,000-10,000 per hectare. [8] It is recommended to leave 3 plants in one cluster when the distance between clusters is 45 cm and more, and 2 plants in clusters when the distance is short. If the number of plants in the clusters is more, they squeeze each other, the number of branches in each plant decrease, the weight of the cotton in the boxes prunes down, and the more problems for the cotton pickers work arise. [9] The number of plants per hectare is calculated as follows:
(1)
here mʹ is the number of plants left in each cluster; a - space between the clusters in the row; b is the width of the space between the rows (spacing). When designing planters and sowing apparatus it is necessary to know the number of seeds, will be placed in each cluster. For this, it is necessary to determine the norms of sowing seeds. The norms of sowing seeds depend on soil and climatic conditions, type and quality of seed material, method and scheme of sowing, precise distribution of seeds in the clusters, quality of row spacing cultivation (number of plants damaged by the cultivator), plant diseases, agriculture pest control and others.
The technological process of the seeds flux in the system « hopper - sowing apparatus - seed tube - opener » depends on geometric properties of the sown crop. [10] Therefore, when designing sowing apparatuses, one of the priority research stages is taking into account the geometric parameters of crop. Without knowing the shape and size of the seed, it is impossible to qualitatively foresee such technological and structure parameters of the sowing apparatus, such as material, shape and bevel angle of the seed hopper, principle of operation, size and number of cells of the sowing disc, air flow rate of the pneumatic system, length, angle of inclination and diameter of the seed tube and others. In view of this, reconnaissance studies and data from scientific and technical literature have established the main geometric characteristics of sowing cotton seeds of the varieties [11] « Bukhoro-8 » , « Bukhoro-102 » , « Andijon-36 » ,
Andijon-37 » , « Khorazm-127 » ,
Khorazm-150 » , |
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