60-odd years of moscow mathematical
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Moscow olympiad problems
Part 1: Problems 9 Introduction 11 Prerequisites and notational conventions 11 Selected lectures of mathmathematics circles 17 Dirichlet’s principle 17 Nondecimal number systems 18 Indefinite second-order equations 20 MOSCOW MATHEMATICAL OLYMPIADS 1 – 59 23 Olympiad 1 (1935) 23 Olympiad 2 (1936) 24 Olympiad 3 (1937) 25 Olympiad 4 (1938) 25 Olympiad 5 (1939) 26 Olympiad 6 (1940) 27 Olympiad 7 (1941) 28 Olympiad 8 (1945) 29 Olympiad 9 (1946) 30 Olympiad 10 (1947) 32 Olympiad 11 (1948) 34 Olympiad 12 (1949) 35 Olympiad 13 (1950) 36 Olympiad 14 (1951) 37 Olympiad 15 (1952) 39 Olympiad 16 (1953) 42 Olympiad 17 (1954) 44 Olympiad 18 (1955) 48 Olympiad 19 (1956) 51 Olympiad 20 (1957) 54 Olympiad 21 (1958) 59 Olympiad 22 (1959) 62 Olympiad 23 (1960) 65 Olympiad 24 (1961) 67 Olympiad 25 (1962) 70 Olympiad 26 (1963) 74 Olympiad 27 (1964) 77 Olympiad 28 (1965) 80 Olympiad 29 (1966) 84 Olympiad 30 (1967) 85 v vi CONTENTS Olympiad 31 (1968) 88 Olympiad 32 (1969) 91 Olympiad 33 (1970) 96 Olympiad 34 (1971) 100 Olympiad 35 (1972) 103 Olympiad 36 (1973) 106 Olympiad 37 (1974) 108 Olympiad 38 (1975) 110 Olympiad 39 (1976) 111 Olympiad 40 (1977) 113 Olympiad 41 (1978) 116 Olympiad 42 (1979) 116 Olympiad 43 (1980) 118 Olympiad 44 (1981) 120 Olympiad 45 (1982) 121 Olympiad 46 (1983) 122 Olympiad 47 (1984) 123 Olympiad 48 (1985) 125 Olympiad 49 (1986) 126 Olympiad 50 (1987) 128 Olympiad 51 (1988) 131 Olympiad 52 (1989) 132 Olympiad 53 (1990) 133 Olympiad 54 (1991) 134 Olympiad 55 (1992) 135 Olympiad 56 (1993) 137 Olympiad 57 (1994) 139 Olympiad 58 (1995) 142 Olympiad 59 (1996) 143 Olympiad 60 (1997) 145 Selected problems of Moscow mathematical circles 147 Hints to selected problems of Moscow mathematical circles 153 Answers to selected problems of Moscow mathematical circles 157 Historical remarks 177 A little problem 191 Bibliography 195 Suggested books for further reading 195 Recreational mathematics 196 Preface I never liked Olympiads. The reason is I am a bad sportsman: I hate to lose. Sorry to say, I realize that at any test there usually is someone who can pass the test better, be it a soccer match, an exam, or a competition for a promotion. Whatever the case, skill or actual knowledge of the subject in question often seem to be amazingly less important than self-assurance. Another reason is that many of the winners in mathematical Olympiads that I know have, unfortunately, not been very successful as mathematicians when they grew up unless they continued to study like hell (which means that those who became good mathematicians were, perhaps, not very successful as human beings; however, those who did not work like hell were even less successful). Well, life is tough, but nevertheless it is sometimes very interesting to live and solve problems. To business. Regrettable as it is, an average student of an ordinary school and often, even the 1 teacher, has no idea that not all theorems have yet been discovered. For better or worse, the shortest way for a kid to discover mathematics as science, not just a cook book for solving problems, is usually through an Olympiad: it is a spectacular event full of suspense, and a good place to advertise something really worth supporting like a math group or a specialized mathematical school. (Olympiads, like any sport, need sponsors. Science needs them much more but draws less.) On the other hand, there are people who, though slow-witted at Olympiads, are good at solving problems that may take years to solve, and at inventing new theorems or even new theories. One should also be aware of the fact that today’s mathematical teaching all over the world is on the average at a very low level; the textbooks that students have to read and the problems they have to solve are very boring and remote from reality,whatever that might mean. As a Nobel prize winner and remarkable physicist Richard Feynman put it 2 , most (school) textbooks are universally lousy. This is why I tried to do my best to translate, edit and advertise this book — an exception from the pattern (for a list of a few very good books on elementary mathematics see Bibliography and paragraph H.5 of Historical remarks; regrettably, some of the most interesting books are in Russian). If you like the illustrations in this book you might be interested in the whole collection of Acad. 3 A. Fomenko’s drawings (A. Fomenko, Mathematical impressions, AMS, Providence, 1991) and the mathe- matics (together with works of Dali, Breughel and Esher) that inspired Fomenko to draw them. * * * This is the first complete compilation of the problems from Moscow Mathematical Olympiads with solutions of ALL problems. It is based on previous Russian selections: [SCY], [Le] and [GT]. The first two of these books contain selected problems of Olympiads 1–15 and 1–27, respectively, with painstakingly elaborated solutions. The book [GT] strives to collect formulations of all (cf. Historical remarks) problems of Olympiads 1–49 and solutions or hints to most of them. For whom is this book? The success of its Russian counterpart [Le], [GT] with their 1,000,000 copies sold should not decieve us: a good deal of the success is due to the fact that the prices of books, especially text-books, were increadibly low (< 0.005 of the lowest salary.) Our audience will probably be more limited. 1 We usually use a neutral “(s)he” to designate indiscriminately any homo, sapiens or otherwise, a Siamease twin of either sex, a bearer of any collection of X and Y chromosomes, etc. In one of the problems we used a “(s)he” speaking of a wise cockroach. Hereafter editor’s footnotes. 2 Feynman R. Surely you’re joking, Mr. Feynman. Unwin Paperbacks, 1989. 3 There were several scientific degrees one could get in the USSR: that of Candidate of Science is roughly equivalent to a Ph.D., that of Doctor of Science is about 10 times as scarce. Scarcer still were members of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Among mathematicians there were about 100 Corresponding Members — in what follows abbreviated to CMA — and about 20 Academicians; before the inflation of the 90’s they were like gods. (This is why the soviet authors carefully indicate the scientists’ ranks.) 1 2 PREFACE However, we address it to ALL English-reading teachers of mathematics who could suggest the book to their students and libraries: we gave understandable solutions to ALL problems. Do not ignore fine print, please. Though not as vital, perhaps, as contract clauses, Remarks and Extensions, i.e., generalizations of the problems, might be of no less interest than the main text. Difficult problems are marked with an asterisk ∗ . Whatever the advertisements inviting people to participate in a Moscow Mathematical Olympiad say, some extra knowledge is essential and taken for granted. The compilers of [Le] and [SCY], not so pressed to save space, earmarked about half the volume to preparatory problems. We also provide sufficient Prerequi- sites. Most of the problems, nevertheless, do not require any special background. The organizers of Olympiads had no time to polish formulations of problems. Sometimes the solutions they had in mind were wrong or trivial and the realization of the fact dawned at the last minute. It was the task of the “managers” (responsible for a certain grade) and the Vice Chairperson of the Organizing committee to be on the spot and clarify (sometimes considerably). Being unable to rescue the reader on the spot, I have had to alter some formulations, thus violating the Historical Truth in favour of clarity. While editing, I tried to preserve the air of Moscow mathematical schools and circles of the period and, therefore, decided to season with historical reminiscences and clarifying footnotes. We also borrowed Acad. Kolmogorov’s foreword to [GT] with its specific pompous style. One might think that political allusions are out of place here. However, the stagnation and oppression in politics and social life in the USSR was a reason that pushed many bright (at least in math) minds to mathematics. The story A little problem 1 and Historical remarks describe those times. Nowadays the majority of them live or work in America or Europe. I hope that it is possible to borrow some experience and understand the driving forces that attracted children to study math (or, more generally, to mathematical schools, from where many future physicists, biologists, etc., or just millionaires, also emerged). It was partly the way they studied and later taught, that enabled them to collect a good number of professorial positions in leading Universities all over the world (or buy with cash a flat on Oxford street, London). What is wrong with the educational system in the USA or Europe, that American or European students cannot (with few exceptions) successively compete with their piers from the USSR? This question is so interesting and important that The Notices of American Mathematical Society devoted the whole issue (v. 40, n.2, 1993) to this topic, see also the collection of reminiscences in: S. Zdravkovska, P. Duren (eds.), The Download 1.08 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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