61 Table 12. Game fish distribution
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biological diversity of tajikistan
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- Invertebrates
- Fish population in a high-mountain lake
- Type Nemathelmantes (Nematode worms)
- Type Acanthocephala (Proboscis worms)
- I. Alien and Invasive species
- D. Microorganisms
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Biological Diversity of Tajikistan Biological Diversity of Tajikistan Biological Diversity of Tajikistan 61 Table 1.12. Game fish distribution Species Water sources Rivers Lakes Reservoirs Springs Ponds Dushanbe loach (Nemachilus pardalis) +
Amudarya loach (Nemachilus oxianus) +
Gray loach (Nemachilus dorsalis) +
Aral spined loach (Cobitis aurata aralensis) +
+ + Sheatfish (Sclurus glanis) + + +
Bullhead (Ictalurus punctata) А +
+ Turkestan bullhead (Glyptosternum reticulatum)
+
Pike (Esox lucius) + + + +
Turkestan bullhead (Cottus spinolosus) +
+ +
Mosquito fish (Gambusia affinis) А
+ + + + + Zander (Lucioperca lucioperea) А +
+
+ Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon della) А
+ + + + + Black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus) А
+ Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthus molitrix) А
+ + + + Motley carp (Aristichthus nobilis) А + + +
+ Big-mouthed buffalo (Ictiobus cyprinellus) А
+ Small-mouthed buffalo (I.bufalus) А
+ Black buffalo (I.niger) А
+ Mirror carp (Cyprinus sp.) А
+
+ Scaly carp (Cyprinus sp.) А
+ +
А +
+
+ Amur goby (Neogobius amurensis sp.) А
+
+ + Snakehead (Ophiocephalus argus warpachowski) А +
+
+ Hemiculter sp. +
+
+ Note: « А » – acclimatizant economical pond distribution location KYRGYZSTAN AFGHANISTAN Republic of Tajikistan UZBEKISTAN CHINA rivers lakes and water reservoirs cities 0 50 100 150 Km S rd y a a ry Khujand
Kayrakkum reservoir Ze a ravsh n Dushanbe Kurgan-Tube Kulyab
V ak hs h
ud arya P j an K iz ils u Ya u kh s Surkho b Ob ikh ing ou Pan j Va nch Yaz e gul m B ar tan g G unt Khorog
Sha kh da ra Pa nj Sarez Lake Murgab Karakul Lake Yashilkul Lake Zorkul Lake The Legend: Is fa ra Dagano-Say reservoir Katasay reservoir Yagnob Iskanderkul Lake V ar zo b So br o To irs u Muksu K ok uy be l Turumtaikul Lake Rangul Lake Shorkul Lake 1 -
2 - 3 -
4 - 5 -
Acipenser nudiventris Lovet Salmo trutta morfa fario Linne A.a.a. (Linne) Ctenopharyngodon idella Hypophthalmichtus molitrix (Valenea) Silurus glanis Linne Cyprinus carpio Linne Lucioperca lucioperea Linne Abramis brama (Linne) Carassus auratus gibilio 6 -
7 - 8 -
9 - 10 -
Fig. 1.16. National Strategy and Action Plan on Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity National Strategy and Action Plan on Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity National Strategy and Action Plan on Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity The ichthyofauna of Tajikistan water- courses was enriched by acclimatization of 18 valuable fish species, including: crucian carp (Carassus auratus), American sheatfish (Silurus
bream (Abramis brama), grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), silver and motley carp (Hypophthalmichthus molitrix, Aristichthus nobilis), American buffalo (Ictiobus bufalus), a new breed of carp (Cyprinus sp.), a hybrid of be- luga (white sturgeon) and sterlet, Siberian peled (Coregonus peled), etc. A significant damage to specific biodiver- sity and fish population number is caused by hy- dro-power structures, chemical pollution, poach- ing and industrial waste discharge.
By the present time, there are 13 thousand species of invertebrate (Invertebrata) animals in Tajikistan, including: protists (Protozoa) – 300 species, parasitic worms (Vermes) – 1400, arach- noids (Arachnida) – 715, insects (Insecta) – 10000, mollusks (Mollusca) – 204. Of great interest are arthropods, repre- sented by arachnoids (Arachnida) and insects (Insecta). Arachnoids are represented by: scorpi- ons (Scorpiones) – 10 species, phalanxes (Solifugae) – 40, spiders (Arachnei) – 260, oriba- toid ticks (Oribatei) – 104, tyroglyphoid ticks (Tyroglyphoidea) – 44, gamasoid ticks (Gamasoidea) – 50, ticks (Ixodoidea) – 82, and tetranichoid ticks (Tetranichoidea) – 120. 50% of spiders are endemics of Central Asia. The sub-family of vegetarian ticks (Tetranychoidea) of Tajikistan consists of 4 fami- lies: web ticks (Tetranychiidae), briobids (Briobidae), Tenuipalpidae, and eriphoids
(Eriophidae), most of which are cosmopolites; there are many agricultural pests among them. Of 120 tick species, 29 are endemics of Tajikistan and Central Asia, 10 species – narrow endemics of the Pamirs. Among the invertebrates, there are many harmful species, which cause parasitoses (protozoa, parasitic worms), carry nature-focal diseases (ticks, bloodsucking dipterans), and are agricultural pests (vegetarian ticks, lepidoptera, many coleoptera, orthoptera, etc.). At the same time, there are useful species (pollinators, soil- formers, natural regulators of harmful organisms numbers, etc.) among various taxonomic groups of invertebrates. All 3 species of carmine worms of Tajikistan need restoration of their numbers.
over 10 thousand species, belonging to 29 or- ders. Destructive insects - aphids, scales, vari- ous species of butterflies and beetles - live on fruits and berries, and other agricultural crops. There are approximately 70 species of mantis. Many of them are endemics. Such relic species belonging to class of Insects are: Protura, Diplura,
representatives of ancient insects — Odonata and Ephemeroptera. Among the insects of the republic, there are many species, which are decorations of na- ture (dragonflies, mantis, butterflies, beetles, walking sticks), much in demand among collec- tors. The negative human impact is also produced on the specific composition and numbers of many groups of invertebrates. The Red Data Book of Tajikistan includes 58 invertebrate animals, 50 of
Biological Diversity of Tajikistan Biological Diversity of Tajikistan Biological Diversity of Tajikistan which are insects. Much more species require protection, and the list of rare and endangered species will be increasing, as the invertebrates are being studied.
of invertebrates. Type Plathelminthes (flat worms). In Tajikistan, there are about 210 species of trema- todes (Trematodes) – parasites living in internal organs of animals and carrying some infectious diseases to people and animals. In addition to trematodes, many vertebrate animals of Tajikistan are found to contain 82 species of monogenetic suckers (Monogenea) and 280 species of cesto- des (Cestodes).
tonematodes and 450 species of zoonematodes, some of which are used as agents of the biologi- cal fight against destructive insects. The class of rotifers (Rotatoria) of Tajikistan has 25 species; all of them develop in water sources and are con- sidered useful organisms. 15 species, which are parasites of invertebrate animals, are established in the class of hair-worm (Nemathomorpha) of Tajikistan.
boscis worms – parasites of animals. Type Annelides (Annelid worms). These are free-living organisms, the total specific com- position of which has not been studied yet in Taji- kistan; however, 30 species of oligochaete (Oligochaeta) have been found in reservoir ben- thic fauna. They serve as food for fish. In the Kairakkum Reservoir, they make 42% of the total biomass. Zoogeographic zones Zoogeographically, the plain territory of Tajikistan relates to Turan province. Fauna of Tajikistan belongs to three faunistic zones of Mid- dle Asia mountain province (fig. 1.17).
northern side of the Turkestan Range and the Syrdarya River Valley with Farkhad and Kairak- kum reservoirs. Here, typical animals of the mountain-forest zone, river valleys, and arable lands, including 35 species of mammals, oc cur. Among insects there is a considerable number of endemic genera and species: Loniceraphis (L.paradoxa), Ferganaphis (F.lonicericola, Western Tien-Shan district Pamir district Tajikistan district KYRGYZSTAN AFGHANISTAN Republic of Tajikistan Map-Scheme of zoogeographical division UZBEKISTAN CHINA rivers lakes and water reservoirs cities 0 50 100 150 Km S rd y a a ry Khujand
Kayrakkum reservoir Ze a ravsh n Dushanbe Kurgan-Tube Kulyab
V ak hs h
ud arya P j an K iz ils u Ya u kh s Surkho b Ob ikh ing ou Pan j Va nch Yaz e gul m Ba rta ng G unt Khorog
Sha kh da ra Pa nj Sarez Lake Murgab Karakul Lake Yashilkul Lake Zorkul Lake The Legend: Fig. 1.17. 63 National Strategy and Action Plan on Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity National Strategy and Action Plan on Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity National Strategy and Action Plan on Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity phora Class in Tajikistan exceeds 200 species. They serve as food for young fish and other small organisms. Much better studied are parasitic protists – pathogenic organisms (causing people and ani- mals diseases) of Sarcomastigophora type. The sarcomastigophors, found in Tajikistan, contain free-living species, as well. Tajikistan is known to have several species of amebas (Amoeba pro-
there are fresh-water shelly rhizopods from the genera Arcella and Difflugia (e.g. Arcella vulgaris,
wetland benthos, serve as food for other water organisms. Among flagellates, there are protists of the genera Lamblia and Trichomonas. Parasitic pro- tists, living in blood of agricultural animals, birds, fish, and some wild mammals, are: Apicomplexa (class Sporozoa), Microspora, Myxozoa, Cilio- phora. 69 species of fish parasites, including 6 species of blood parasites, 48 – Mixosporidia, 1 – Microsporidia, 1 – Apicomplexa, 13 species of infusoria (Ciliophora), are established. The group of Sporozoa includes 4 species of pyroplasmids: Piroplasma bigeminum, Babesia bovis, Theileria annulata, Th.sergenti, and 44 species of coccidia. Pathogenic organisms causing malaria (Plasmodium vivax, P.malariae, P.phalciparum) are common.
More than 2500 species of plants are de- fined in flora from other nature-geographic areas of Tajikistan. Some of these are cultivated flora introduced in botanical gardens and parks and grown on the slopes as fast-growing woody plants. The most typical species, common in Taji- kistan, are: pine (Pinus), spruce (Picea), oak (Quercus), bastard acacia (Robinia pseudaca- cia), chestnut (Aesculus), soapberry tree (Koelreuteria paniculata), oriental tree of heaven (Ailanthus orientalis), cypress (Cupressus), and many others. All are used for planting out. Along with useful introducents biodiver- sity of Tajikistan is invaded by some alien spe- cies which pose great threat to the biodiversity
from the southern slopes of the Zeravshan Range to the western and southwestern borders of the Pamirs, covering the total system of the Western Pamirs and Hindu-Kush. Amphibians are represented by 2 species, while reptiles – by 40 species. Nesting birds are typical; 70 species of these are common in Palearctic, 22 species are European, 33 – of Central Asian origin, 20 – Iranian and Turkestanian, 7 – Indian and African, 14 – Chinese, 12 – Tibetan, and 6 – Mongolian. This zone is rich in theriofauna (45 species); it contains many endemics and subendemics (e.g. Bukhara shrew (Sorex buchariensis), Pamirian shrew (Crocidura pergrisea), Barbastella leu-
(Capra falconeri) , etc. The Pamirs zone includes the eastern Pa- mirs and a part of the Alay Valley; it is character- ized by severe climatic conditions, poor flora and fauna. Nearly 120 species of birds are found here; among them, there are: settled species – 10-12, migratory-nesting – 45-47, wintering – 4-5; other species belong to birds of passage – 65-67 species. Amphibians and reptiles are repre- sented by inconsiderable specific composition. Mammals are presented by 15 species. Lowlands, deserts of south-western and northern Tajikistan relate to Middle Asian de- serted area of Turan province. Here animal world is adapted to hot and dry climate. Here species inhabiting deserts are met (lizards, jer- boa, gopher, gazella, insects related to desert flora, etc.).
Protists are cosmopolites. They occur in all biotopes: water, soil, air, animal and plant or- ganisms. The protist fauna of Tajikistan, particu- larly free-living, inhabitants of internal and exter- nal organs of invertebrates, symbionts and com- mensals of multicellular organisms, is insuffi- ciently studied. According to the approximate data, there are 300 species of protists, including 112 species of the Nurek Reservoir, in Tajikistan. The specific composition of the Phitomastigo-
Biological Diversity of Tajikistan Biological Diversity of Tajikistan Biological Diversity of Tajikistan of Tajikistan. In recent years the risk has been increased due to the numerous imported and cultivated species of forage, food, medicinal, decorative, and other species. In addition to alien species (table 1.13), local invasive species, common at various alti- tudes, in various climatic zones, and ecological areas, have developed in Tajikistan, with consid- erable anthropogenic impact. E.g., semiparasitic dwarf subshrub (Arceuthobium oxycedri), is very harmful for juni- per and causes its death. One of the main factors of zonal invasion is the many-year driving of cattle from winter to summer, and back to winter, pastures. As a re- sult of annual cattle driving, seeds of drought- resistant plants – cornflower (Centaurea), worm- wood (Artemisia), mallow representatives (Malvaceae), Gentiana, Thermopsis, Boragina- ceae, etc. – are spread over all mountainous zones. These species, inhabiting new areas, start forming independent coenosis, which replace communities of valuable indigenous high- productive plants. Summer pastures are choked with rude grasses – goat grass Aegilops triuncialis, Tae-
and noxious plants – heliotrope (Heliotropium ellipticum), trichodesma (Trichodesma incanum), thermopsis (Thermopsis dolichocarpa), (Conium maculatum), which are not eatable by animals. Many invasive species, having been in- cluded in valuable communities and agricultural crops, start progressing when the climatic condi- tions are slightly changed. These species in- clude: Cuscuta, wormwood (Artemisia), helio- trope (Heliotropium), portulaca (Portulaca), etc. They occupy vast pasture and arable land areas and make great harm to ecosystems, decreasing their productivity. Annually, the yield of agricul- tural crops is reduced to 30% solely due to field choking. Tajikistan is marked by climatic invasive processes, resulting from annual and perennial temperature and precipitation fluctuations, as well as the global climate change. When the me- teorological conditions are locally and globally changed, the invasion of more drought-resistant plants (e.g. wormwoods) from desert and semidesert zones into mountains can be ob- served. In places where forested areas are re- duced, brushwoods of shrub and dwarfs, and pastures with abundant noxious and rude grass – goat grass, trichodesma, thermopsis, etc. are formed. During recent five years, 15 wheat and 18 potato sorts were imported and tested at control- ling and demonstration grounds in many regions of the republic. Those sorts were accompanied by many weed plants (table 1.14), the most harmful of which are 5 species of Cuscuta: Cuscuta
(Cyperus rotundus), paspalum (Paspalum digi- Download 1.15 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: 
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