3.Maydon kuchlanganligi.(birlik musbat zaryadga ta’sir etuvchi kuchga aytiladi.)
1.nuqtaviy zaryad maydon kuchlanganligi
E E E Maydon kuchlanganlik chiziqlari potensial
sirtga perpendikulyar yo`nalgan.
E Kuchlanganlik yo`nalishida potensial kamayib
boradi.
E
2. (Zaryadlangan shar ichida )
3.Tekislik uchun; ; parallel tekislik uchun; ![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAADkAAAAoCAIAAADL8MXsAAAC+ElEQVR4nO2XP0hqURjAi3SoLIgEjWhwiQbxgVubEaGR0JSXJOItGShYS4lCQ+ZQIOQiFDooKGQ4OSRqoRBtgeXgoqBFoRSFqIvZn/c9b7xXeV4es+u9D/xN55zvftcf557r/T7Wy8tL238Ci26BOmi5UkPLtX40Go3Vav38Gnpcr6+v19fX/X5/JpN5fn6GFYPBUDOLBtdsNjs5OanX63U63cXFRSKRWFxcxEmkwdVoNBIEMTs7C+OBgYHl5WXmuh4cHIRCIXLMZrNhXzETaXCFMyoQCMhxMpnkcDiYiTS4crnc29tbePow3tvbGxsbw0xEuMIDUiqVd3d3H9Z5PB5sSYOiwNTUlNPp1Gq14XDYYrEcHx9jJiJcJyYmVlZW8vm8yWSC6dPT08PDQzQahXeicVFga2trYWGBz+cPDQ253W6RSPR1V+D8/Hx6epocd3R0dHZ2dnd349/0c/r6+rxe7xcS0a6xWGxtbe3tyo8KX1H7PhCu5XL58vJyeHiYnOZyOYlEcnZ2Rk6Pjo7gkCDvBU8Acqnx/A3CNR6PFwoFFutvSCqV/hmPj4+TX8Xmg3CFwzo/P+9wOMhpIBCIRCL13re9vb0xsVfeti0IVzisb18jaYVv+eEGQbvKZLIPi3Nzcy6Xqw37vFLRxtXe11KpdHh4+Pj4SE6Zcl6hoFSr1Tc3N/BH/eG67e3tJlqheecKZWUqlaJLpSZM6WFwaLm+x+fzra6uptNpoVB4enqKGaqmGa7QothsNvgDgX4QP1RNM1yh8h8ZGbm/v9/c3MQPVUO5K5S/crkcKqHe3l4ogzBDSCh3ValUsHPFYhHqIfwQEspdoazOZrNQrXd1deGHkFDu2tPTc3JyAnU6tC5msxkzhIRyV2jaCIIYHByEfrBmCD7vCoUCeju73T4zM9Ns158VMENLS0vQg+zu7sLXngbXuggGgzs7O1DHId82Zrn29/dfXV15PB5kdc8s142NjdHRUbFYvL+/Xx1llitR4V9RZrl+zi946VOzxIIe+gAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
4.Kuchlanganlik geometrik yig`indi bo`ladi;
4.Maydon potensiali.(elektr maydonning energitik xossasi potensial d-di) E 1.
2.![](data:image/png;base64,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)
3.potensiali bo`lgan N ta shar
umumiy potensili; ![](data:image/png;base64,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)
4.Maydon potensiallari ,algebraik yig`indi;
5. Zaryadlangan sfera yoki shar sirtidagi potensial; ![](data:image/png;base64,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)
6.Zaryadlangan sfera yoki shar sirtidagi kuchlanganlik;
7.Shar sirtidan h uzoqlikda; ![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAKcAAAApCAIAAADfzq4TAAAHk0lEQVR4nO1baUgVXRh2uQVlaQtmWoZltqgVRlBmWCZmBtEf7Ypd2yCzKMqs6EcahWLy2eJeItqulVxIsdVotUyDNkorWwmDtIUys9T8HhyYb5o7d5o7c+6ce7/r8yPOnDme5X3Oed73PXfSdHd32/XCxqChPYFeUEAv67aIXtZtEb2s2yJ6WbdFWCvrHz9+3LJly5kzZ9ra2jw9PcvKyiZPnkx7UipB+dqtkvWOjo6QkJCIiIjXr18j89TpdK6urrQnpRKIrN0qWT98+PC4cePS09OZx69fv7q7u9OdkmogsnarZL2wsDAtLY0p//jxw9HRke581ASRtVsl60+ePGE92b1793x9fenOR00QWbtVst7Z2enk5MSU79696+/vT3c+aoLI2gVYv3TpUkxMDAJFXr2bm9v79++ld93U1BQUFISIA3GHjJmJYMKECQUFBfHx8Tt27NDr9cXFxWT7NxOIGITI2gVYDwsLQ2KAMCElJQWPXV1dv379gpjs2rXLpK49PDxKS0tTU1NlTEsce/fuXb58Oeazf//+Z8+eWctZJ2IQImsXVvgHDx4sWrSIKSNe6NevH1RFRkJ8//59c6TRc+bMYY9LXl6es7Mz8SHMBOUGIbJ2YdYfPnyYlJTErZnSA1N7xyKRXKKADY4Ot27dunv3bhmzNIbm5uYhQ4YQ7JABdLi6uppXeePGDYjfhQsXcF7Xrl2bn5+v1WpN7ZmgQZSsXYD1jo6Ot2/fIilkHr98+YL9hekyj5cvX4YLEOwLqoC/5dbgrzZs2IBC//79s7Ky1q1bJ2+WxgC/U1VVdeDAAfg5gt0aUv78+fOoqKhTp04h3IG0Xrx4ETLLsi7dJgQNomTtAqwjN/j27ZtG89+r8PBwthwaGvr7928pXSNsaWxs9PHxSU5Oxh7S6XSmTu6vmDdvXnt7O/FuDQFvCraCg4PPnz8PCwQEBLx48YJ9K9EmZA2iZO0CrMOpL1269NChQ8wjNO3q1asyukas4enpuWbNmqNHj+KscF/Z29vL6NCsEP+m6MqVKxUVFXY9MgDKoX8yrkdEDGKnik3YNQqwDqfOjTjCeyBjDKgZ1rl48eLs7Ow9e/bs27dP3lwtAe/evRszZgwKN2/ehLaDM/BnaieWYxBh1ufPn8+rhBwdO3bMzkQftnPnzsTERFQiwdi+ffvQoUOZV1b3sR5SGKwC025oaPD29oY3RazDvpVoExGD2Klrk7+f9Z8/fyJq6OzsZB6l+3UscvPmzSj06dNn1apVmZmZpmb8lgM4UWz68ePHjx49Wq/XFxYW1tXVsW8l2sRyDPIH6+fOnUNO8uHDh+HDh/PayZAjbm66evVq2AunZNmyZbLnShA4ai9fvnR1dcXhg2JzX82ePfvatWu89ojbESpv3LgRux/6XFlZOXbsWFMHtRyD/MF6RETEq1evSHXNvb4dOHBgS0uLYLNbt27NnDmT1KAiQLqFI8vOBxFZfX09hJrHuuGOByDFp0+fhiaPGjUqLi5O3gSkGIR7HT5o0KDAwEAkeNgc0keB+/D19XVwcHj69KmxNpR/fUGWiBRIHdbfvHnz6NGjSZMmoXz79m386+7uPmzYMG4bNGCiNkEgRZYX2EoHcx3++fPntLQ0iG5qauqKFSuuX78uvQe4D+RfOTk5Im0os448+ODBg+qMBfPFxsaWlJSwNcePH4d0c9skJCScOHHCWA/q/KqLzHnhwoUoYEempKTI+GgCrmTq1KkiDWiyDgly7AG3UqHEieibRqNBKA5pYXorKytD5zNmzOC2Qdwq0nlTU5PEaSgBomm4Eqbc2NgInyLYDGs0FkJi3yAL02q1Z8+evXPnjuFOpck6gsfp06fzKhVKnLi+gePy8nIc6CNHjowcOZJHuSWAuQ5HstDW1oY0Yf369ewOkA6c9ebmZpgxKSkJsRpcG68BTdarq6s3bdpkWK9Q4kT0beLEibm5uShwIziJiag64F6HBwQEYPsGBweb1AOWA5qhZBCJT58+CV750WQdKxSUL4USJ6JvXl5e6NzOwpjmgr0Of/z4sU6nM6QcqzYsc5cD14aIlTEakhQ/Pz/DUWiyDhkfMGAAr1K5xInoG/y64TdCFgX2igxswTg1NTU8N8QSbGzTY/nsRsfWEfzsgjLr7CdgLBRKnLi+wY5I0xVP3IzgXofHx8fn5+ebGnxALbisT5s2zbANTdYFXY5CiRPXt+7ubgv8uY8L7nV4VFTUtm3bsHdN+noCZ33BggVMGUeIdwfFgCbrSMy+f//u4uLCrVQoceL6huEGDx5MdhWkgBBkyZIlSFuQ1xQVFYWEhPTt2zc6OhoRaElJydy5c3ntRdI2rgUiIyPhKHn7hibrmEpra6sh60okTlzfLJl1kI3QlVf5Tw9M6od772vsgoEm6zjNCNxGjBjBrVQoceL6BpcvGNPaGmiyPmvWLLjewMBA5pGIxInrG4YLCgoy24KsBjRZx6HMyMhYuXIl80hE4sT1rba2NjExUdZk/1egybq3tzci6q6uLnX+eyIGQgzPfvtry6D8m1tCQsLJkydjYmJUGAtuQvAC2AZBmXWfHqgzljk+zbZS/AuKQqmpfvqVEAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
8.Zaryad sirt zichligi;
9.Zaryadli sharchalar tekkizilsa potensillar tenglashadi; ![](data:image/png;base64,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)
10. shart bajarilsa zaryad bir-biridan oqib o`tmaydi.
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