O
Observational Study
A type of research method that uses data from
patients as they are being treated by their
doctors rather than through random assignment
by researchers. In an observational study,
patients with a diagnosed condition receive
different treatments selected by them and their
providers. Researchers then compare the
outcomes experienced by patients who received
one treatment with the outcomes of those who
received a different treatment. Data can be
collected prospectively or retrospectively.
►Prospective: A study that answers research
questions by defining the research question first
and then collecting the data over time after the
question is defined. Participants are followed to
see how factors may contribute to outcomes.
►Retrospective: A study that answers research
questions using historical data (e.g. electronic
health records, surveys). The data can be used
to look back and study factors that may have
contributed to observed outcomes.
Organization
The institution/organization in which the project
originates, or the primary institution or
organization that received funding for the project.
Outcomes
The effects of an interventions, or what happens
after an intervention is given. For example,
survival, reduction in symptoms, quality of life,
quality of care
. Each study’s “primary” outcome is
its most important effect. The primary outcome is
used to calculate a study’s sample size and
statistical power
Outpatient Costs
Costs incurred for patient care when the patient
is not formally admitted to a hospital.
P
Patient
Individuals who have or have had the condition
under study; it may include patient surrogates or
caregivers as well. It does not necessarily mean,
but does not exclude, patient advocates or
patient navigators.
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