А. М. Maslova Z. I. Winestein L. S. Plebeyskaya Essential English for Medical Students Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged

I.* Выразите следующие понятия одним словом:

1. 
   the decrease of the red blood cell count; 2. a physician who treats the heart diseases; 3. the causes that produce the development of a certain disease;
   

4. 
   the mechanism of the development of a disease; 5. the inflammation of the internal serous coat of the abdominal cavity; 6. artificial cooling of the body;
   

7. 
   the state of the organism when a person is neither well nor ill; 8. irregular contractions of atria and ventricles; 9. an increase of the white blood cell count
   

2. 
   * Выберите правильный ответ на вопрос в соответствии с содержанием текста С:
   

1. What appetite has the patient suffering from gastric carcinoma? (a) It is increased; 6) It is reduced.) 2. What do the clinical manifestations of gastric carcinoma vary with? (a) They vary with the stage of the development of the disease; 6) They vary with the age and sex of the patient.) 3. At what age is the highest incidence of gastric carcinoma observed? (a) It is observed at the age from twenty to thirty; 6) It is observed at the age from fifty to sixty.)

3. 
   Замените придаточное предложение причастным оборотом (письменно). Переведите полученные предложения:
   

1. After the patient had suffered profuse external bleeding he developed severe anaemia. 2. While the surgeon was performing the operation he revealed the ulcer on the anterior wall of the stomach. 3. The dullness which was revealed on percussion was associated with the pathologic changes in the left lung.

4. 
   Переведите текст E. Передайте его содержание:
   

Text Е. Intestinal Tumours
Many forms of tumours are known to occur in the intestines, but we shall limit our attention to the commonest, which is cancer. It generally leads to chronic intestinal obstruction and its accompanying symptoms. In addition there are usual symptoms of cancerous invasion—loss of weight and strength, progressive anaemia and pain of varying degree depending of the part affected. Any portion of the intestines is likely to be affected by carcinoma, but the usual areas are the upper part of the colon, the sigmoid and the rectum. In the latter situation the obstruction may be felt on rectal examination. In cancer of the colon and sigmoid a tumour is usually well palpable, the esophagus above the tumour is often thickened and spastic and peristaltic waves may be seen passing in the direction of the obstruction.

5. 
   Выучите следующие слова и переведите предложения, в которых они употреблены:
   

retention [ri’tenfn] п задержка. The retention of urine is one of the clinical manifestations of a kidney disease.
stool [stu:l] n стул, испражнение. The laboratory analysis of the stool failed to reveal any blood.
tenderness [‘tendanis] n болезненность. The patient complained of a moderate tenderness on palpation.
remove [ri’mu:v] v удалять, устранять. The surgeon removed the tumour which had involved the stomach.

6. 
   Переведите, используя или сложное подлежащее или сложное дополнение (письменно):
   

1. Известно, что прободная язва двенадцатиперстной кишки часто сопровождается обильным кровотечением. 2. Хирург заметил, что при пальпации болезненность в надчревной области распространяется вниз.

3. 
   Считается, что задержка мочи является одним из клинических про­явлений болезни почек. 4. Оказывается, что перемежающаяся лихорадка отмечается в большинстве случаев туберкулеза. 5. Студенты наблюда­ли, как отоларинголог удаляет инородное тело из горла.
   

7. 
   a) Give the words of the dose meaning:
   

to affect, to cause, to decrease, acute, slight, damage, to rise, to perforate, to spread, to enlarge, permanent

2. 
   Give the words of the opposite meaning:
   

onset, gradually, fat, exertion, to precede, internal, malignant, moist, frequent, to improve, to result in

8. 
   Supply one of known to you words of the same root. Make up sentences using them:
   

appear, tender, danger, occur, digest, bleed

9. 
   Explain the following terms:
   

hypothermia, fibrillation, leucocytosis, a causative agent, anaemia, malaise, pathogenesis, aetiology

10. 
    Translate the sentences:
    

1. 
   The surgeon did not doubt that he could perform this operation under local anaesthesia. 2. Gangrenous forms of appendicitis are dangerous to life because they may result in peritonitis. 3. The retention of stool may be due to the inflammatory process in the appendix. 4. During the operation the upper lobe of the lung was removed since a malignant tumour had been revealed there. 5. After the attack of acute appendicitis had been controlled the patient complained of a moderate tenderness on palpation.
   

11. 
    1. Read and translate Text F. 2. Put questions to the text. 3. Retell it:
    

Text F. Acute Appendicitis
Acute appendicitis is known to occur in all age groups. Its incidence varies in different sex groups; it is more frequent in women from 20 to 40 years of age. Cases of appendicitis have been noted to occur even in infants and in very old age.
Acute appendicitis is known to begin suddenly with sharp pain which is at first felt in epigastrium but then becomes generalized in the abdomen. The pain becomes worse on deep breathing in and coughing, it does not radiate and is accompanied by nausea, retention of stools and gases.
The temperature is normal or subfebrile and there is moderate leucocytosis. The ESR is initially normal. With the development of the disease temperature elevation is observed and ESR becomes increased. The pulse is quick but it is found to be not more than 90-100 beats per minute. The tongue is coated and dry.

The attack of acute appendicitis is known to last for 3-4 days. Then the temperature returns to normal, abdominal pains decrease and only a moderate tenderness is felt in the right lower part of the abdomen on palpation.
Acute appendicitis is treated surgically. The operation is performed both under general and under local anaesthesia.
The appendix is removed immediately to prevent its rupture which may result in peritonitis. Such forms of appendicitis as gangrenous and perforating are particularly dangerous to life. But sometimes even a mild form of appendicitis may take a severe course and to result in perforation.
UNIT 4. THE DISEASES OF THE LIVER AND BILE DUCTS
Грамматика: Самостоятельный причастный оборот.
LESSON 44
HOME ASSIGNMENTS
I. Прочтите предложения, ответьте на вопросы и выполните задания:
а) Suffering from a severe pain I called in a doctor.
б) My friend suffering from a severe pain, I called in a doctor.

1. 
   * Найдите общее подлежащее в предложениях. 2* Найдите сказуемое в предложениях. 3.* Какой неличной формой глагола является слово suffering в предложениях? 4.* Какую синтаксическую функцию выполняет слово suffering в предложениях? 5.* Переведите предложение (а) и скажите, кто страдал от сильной боли и кто вызвал врача. 6.* Кто страдал от сильной боли и вызвал врача в предложении (б)? 7. Следовательно, чем могут служить слова my friend по отношению к причастию suffering, и как надо перевести причастие?
   
2. 
   * Найдите самостоятельный причастный оборот. Предложения переведите:
   

1. The abdominal incision having been made and the stomach opened, the ulcer was found to involve the posterior wall of the stomach. 2. There being profuse external haemorrhage, the patient was immediately taken to the hospital. 3. The digestion being considerably impaired, the patient constantly complained of epigastric pains.

3. 
   * Укажите, что опущено в самостоятельных причастных оборотах. Переведите предложения:
   

1. The patient’s condition better, he was allowed to sit up. 2. The procedure over, the nurse left the ward. 3. The surgeon out, I could not talk to him. 4. The retention of stool noted, the patient was administered a light diet.

4. 
   * Определите форму причастия в самостоятельном причастном обороте и время глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения:
   

1. The patient being admitted to the hospital, the doctor on duty examined him in the reception ward. 2. The female having been hospitalized, the generalized abdominal pain was controlled in three hours. 3. Generalized abdominal pain having increased, the doctor asked the nurse to give the patient another injection.

5. 
   * Найдите самостоятельный причастный оборот. Определите в нем слово, играющее роль подлежащего:
   

1. 
   The majority of the patients with hepatitis were between the ages of 41 and 55 years, the highest incidence of the disease being between 46 and 50 years. 2. Of the total number of the patients forty-eight have been relieved of digestive symptoms, four having died of other pathologic conditions. 3. Three patients have had symptoms of recurrence, one having died of a gastro-intestinal bleeding.
   

6. 
   Запомните чтение следующих слов. Найдите их перевод ниже: hepatitis [,hepa’taitis], viral [‘vaiaral], infective [in’fektiv] . инфекционный, гепатит (воспаление печени), вирусный
   
7. 
   Выучите следующие слова: hepatic [hi’paetik] а печеночный bile [bail] и жёлчь
   

duct [d\kt] и проток
Jaundice [‘d3o:ndis] и желтуха, желтушность
advance [ad’vans] v выдвигать (теорию, идею); продвигаться вперед effort [‘efat] п усилие elderly [‘eldali] а пожилой
survive [sa’vaiv] v выживать, остаться в живых, уцелеть; перенести (операцию)
source [so:s] и источник entire [in’taia] а весь, целый
subsequent [‘sAbsikwant] а последующий
simultaneous [,sim3l’teinj3s] а одновременный

8. 
   Прочтите и переведите следующие слова и словосочетания:
   

1. 
   jaundice [‘d3o’.ndis]: severe jaundice, to suffer from severe jaundice, jaundice was clearly marked;
   
2. 
   survive [sa’vaiv]: to survive an injury, the patient survived the operation well, some viruses survive at a high temperature;
   
3. 
   source [so:s]: a source of infection, a source of knowledge, the source of virus is a sick person;
   
4. 
   inadequately [in’aedikwitli]: inadequate, the patient was given an inadequate dose of medicine, inadequately treated;
   
5. 
   subsequently [‘sAbsikwantli]: subsequent, subsequent examination, to invade other organs subsequently;
   
6. 
   simultaneously [.simal’teinjasli]: simultaneous, simultaneous impairment, to be impaired simultaneously
   

9. 
   1. Прочтите текст Л. 2. Найдите и переведите предложения:
   

а) с самостоятельным причастным оборотом; б) с причастным оборотом; в) с усилительным оборотом ‘it is... that’. 3. Переведите текст:
Text A. Botkin’s Disease
Botkin’s disease, or the so-called epidemic or infectious hepatitis, is an acute viral disease affecting hepatic cells and bile ducts.
The prominent German scientist Virchow believing it to be due to obstruction of the common bile duct with mucus during inflammatory processes in the duodenum, the disease was called catarrhal jaundice.
But in 1880 the prominent Russian scientist S. Botkin having advanced the idea of an infectious origin of this disease, proved his suggestions by such facts as the involvement in this pathologic process not only of the liver but also of the nervous system, the kidneys, the enlargement of the spleen, etc.
But it was not before 1940 that the term “Botkin’s disease” was introduced into medicine due to the efforts of the well-known Soviet physician M. Konchalovsky.
Botkin’s disease occurs in epidemic form. This disease more commonly affects children, adults as well as elderly persons suffering from it frequently too.
Botkin’s disease is known to be due to a filterable virus present in the blood, liver and found in stool and urine. The virus is infective only for man. As this virus cannot be seen under a usual microscope, it is revealed only by an electronic one. Being highly virulent virus survives in water, food, and on hands for days and weeks.

10.