А. М. Maslova Z. I. Winestein L. S. Plebeyskaya Essential English for Medical Students Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged

Answer the following questions:

1. What are infections caused by? 2. What is immunity? 3. What are toxins?

4. 
   What are antitoxins? 5. How can artificial immunity be produced? 6. What role do phagocytes play in the human body? 7. What are vaccines used for? 8. What is sepsis? 9. What analysis is performed to confirm the evidence of diphtheria? 10. What is a severe case of diphtheria characterized by?
   

11. 
    Translate the following sentences:
    

1. If the resistance of the organism to infections were insufficient any man would suffer from numerous infectious diseases. 2. The physician wanted to know if the patient had been given diphtheria vaccination previously. 3. If the man is operated on for appendicitis he is given local anaesthesia. 4. If he had not been ill with diphtheria the membrane would not have extended over the tonsils, pharynx and larynx.

12. 
    Translate the following using the Subjunctive Mood:
    

На вашем месте:

1. 
   Я бы ввел это лекарство подкожно. 2. Я бы применил вакцинацию в этом случае. 3. Я бы исследовал, как размножаются патогенные микроорганизмы.
   

13. 
    Read Text В and retell it:
    

Text В. Edward Jenner
Edward [‘edwad] Jenner [‘d^ena] was born in 1749. He was an English physician, the discoverer of vaccination. Jenner studied medicine in London. He began practice in 1773 when he was twenty-four years old.
Edward Jenner liked to observe and investigate ever since he was a boy. His persistent scientific work resulted in,-the .discovery of vaccination against smallpox. For many years every infant when it was about a year old was vaccinated against this disease. The vaccination was effective for a prolonged period, of time. Now vaccination against smallpox is not carried out because this disease has been stamped out (искоренять) in our country.
In Jenner’s days one out of every five persons in London carried the marks of this disease on his face. But there were few people who recovered from the disease, because in the 18th century smallpox was one of the main causes of death.

The disease had been common for centuries in many countries of Asia. The Turks (турки) had discovered that a person could be prevented from a serious attack of smallpox by being infected with a mild form of the disease.
One day Jenner heard a woman say: “I cannot catch smallpox, I’ve had the cowpox (телячья оспа).” That moment led to Jenner’s continuous investigations and experiments.
The first child whom Jenner introduced the substance from cowpox vesicles [‘vesiklz] (пузырек) obtained from the wound of a diseased woman was Jimmy Phipps. It was in 1796. For the following two years Jenner continued his experiments. In 1798 he published the report on his discovery. He called his new method of preventing smallpox “vaccination”, from the Latin word vacca, that is “a COW”.
At first people paid no attention to his discovery. One doctor even said that vaccination might cause people to develop cow’s faces.
But very soon there was no part of the world that had not taken up vaccination. Thousands of people were given Vaccination and smallpox began to disappear as if by magic.

CYCLE VII. PUBLIC HEALTH
Грамматика: Случаи употребления should и would. Союзы и союзные слова. Признаки сказуемого.
LESSON 51
HOME ASSIGNMENTS

1. 
   Выучите следующие слова и словосочетания: power [раиэ] п. власть, сила; мощь; держава population [.popju’leifn] п население
   

quality [‘kwoliti] га .качество government [‘gAvanmant] п правительство standard of public health уровень здравоохранения mortality [mo:’taeliti] n смертность citizen [‘sitizn] n гражданин
expense [iks’pens] n стоимость; затрата, расход; at the expense of за счет
equip [I’kwip] v оборудовать
ambulance [‘asmbjulans] n машина скорой помощи
life-span [‘laif spaen] n продолжительность жизни
pollution [pa’lurjn] n загрязнение
noise [naiz] n шум

2. 
   Образуйте глаголы от следующих существительных. Переведите существительные и глаголы: *
   

service, protection, prevention, extension, government, pollution, requirement, equipment

3. 
   * Определите, в каких предложениях выделенные слова являются предлогами и в каких — союзами. По каким признакам вы определите это?
   

1. Since the establishment of the Soviet power in our country the standard of public health has been gradually becoming better. 2. The doctor often visited
her patients in their homes for she wanted to know their environmental conditions.

3. 
   Great research work has been carried out on the structure of the cell since it is the basic unit of all living matter. 4. After an attack of severe cardiac pain the patient was carried to the hospital by ambulance. 5. Before the Great October Revolution the mortality rate among children was very high due to the lack of adequate medical aid. 6. After extensive health measures were taken the life­span of the population of our country increased. 7. Vaccination is used for prevention of some infections diseases. 8. Before the patient with myocardial infarction is admitted to the hospital the ambulance doctor gives him an injection to relieve a sharp cardiac pain.
   

4. 
   Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на выделенные слова:
   

1. Thanks to extensive preventive measures the mortality rate has considerably decreased in the USSR since the Great October Socialist Revolution. 2. In some industrial countries the incidence of lung cancer has increased because of the pollution of air with cancerogenic substances. 3. A call is made to the First Aid Station in case of any emergency. 4. It has been determined that some disturbances of the nervous system are due to the extensive traffic (уличное движение) noise in large cities. 5. According to the Soviet system of Public Health numerous sanatoriums and rest houses provide our population with qualified medical aid.

5. 
   Переведите предложения и объясните употребление ‘should’ и ‘would’: (см. таблицу 20, стр. 292)
   

1. The doctor was sure that the patient would walk soon. 2. We thought we should have a lecture the next day at 12 sharp. 3. If the patient were better he would be discharged. 4. If I were you I should administer this patient streptomycin injections. 5.1 should call in the ambulance immediately. 6. The physician should always do his best to save the life of his patient. 7. It is necessary that the blood group should be determined before the transfusion is given. 8. The physician suggested that chemotherapy should be discontinued.

6. 
   1. Прочтите и определите, какой частью речи являются выделен­ные слова. 2. Выучите их. 3. Предложения переведите:
   

1. The physician wanted to know where the tenderness was localized. 2. In order to prevent the fatal outcome the emergency surgery was performed. 3. The patient has injured his left leg as well as the right arm. 4. Though cardiac insufficiency has been controlled the patient is still following a bed regimen. 5. The backache was not so sharp as that in the chest. 6. The patient recovered sooner than we had expected. 7. The doctor knew well how to prevent the development of delirium and prostration in case of diphtheria.

7.