А. М. Maslova Z. I. Winestein L. S. Plebeyskaya Essential English for Medical Students Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged

stomach [’sUmak] и желудок
intestine [in’testin] п кишечник, кишка; small intestine тонкий кишечник; large intestine толстый кишечник
gallbladder [‘go:l,blaed3] и жёлчный пузырь
important [im’poitant] а важный, значительный
tongue [1лг)] и язык; coated tongue обложенный язык
palate [‘pselit] п нёбо; soft palate мягкое нёбо; hard palate твердое нёбо
also [^lo:lsou] adv тоже, также
food [fu:d] и пища, питание; пищевые продукты
through [9ru:] ргр через, сквозь, по, в
portion [*рэ:/(э)п] и часть; отдел; доля, порция
measure [‘тезэ] п мера; v измерять
tube [tju:b] и труба, трубка; тюбик

3. 
   Переведите следующие словосочетания:
   

the lower portion of the stomach, let me see your tongue, the intestines are in the abdominal cavity, to measure the length of the bone, the tongue was coated

4. 
   Переведите следующие предложения:
   

1. The soft palate is a continuation of the soft tissues covering the hard palate. 2. The small intestine composed of three main portions is a thin-walled muscular tube. 3. The weight of the largest of the salivary glands is 28 gr. 4. The liver consists of small lobules (дольки) connected together by connective tissue, different vessels and nerves. 5. The duodenum is called so because its length measures about the length of twelve fingers. 6. The liver consisting of lobes is covered with a fibrous coat.

5. 
   Укажите предложения, в которых ‘one’, ‘that’ употребляются как заменители имен существительных. Переведите эти предложения:
   

1. One of the lungs has three lobes, the other one only two. 2. The brain of the man is heavier than that of any lower animal. 3. That portion of the alimentary tract which forms the large intestine consists, of caecum, colon and rectum. 4. The valve that separates the atrium and the ventricle of the right chamber is called the tricuspid valve.

6. 
   Прочтите текст Е. а) Выпишите из текста названия органов; б) дайте последовательно названия всех частей пищеварительного тракта;
   

в) составьте вопросы к тексту последующей модели:
What comes above (below) the stomach?
Text E. The Alimentary Tract
The alimentary tract is a musculomembraneous canal about 8V₂ m (metres) in length. It extends from the oral cavity to the anus. It consists of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. The liver with gallbladder and pancreas are the large glands of the alimentary tract.
The first division of the alimentary tract is formed by the mouth. Important structures of the mouth are the teeth and the tongue, which is the organ of taste (вкуса). The soft and hard palates and the salivary glands are also in the oral cavity.
From the mouth food passes through the pharynx to the esophagus and then to the stomach.
The stomach is a dilated portion of the alimentary canal. It is in the upper part of the abdomen under the diaphragm. It measures about 21-25 cm in length,

8. 
   9 cm in its greatest diameter. It has a capacity of from 2.14 to 4.28 1 (litres).
   

The small intestine is a thin-walled muscular tube about 6.5 metres long. It is located in the middle portion of the abdominal cavity. The small intestine is composed of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum.
The large intestine is about 1.5 metres long. It is divided into caecum, colon, sigm anorectum.
The liver is the largest gland in the human body. It is in the right upper part of the abdominal cavity under the diaphragm. The weight of the liver is 1,500 g.
The gallbladder is a hollow sac (мешок) lying on the lower surface of the liver.
The pancreas is a long thin gland lying behind the stomach.
CLASS ASSIGNMENTS

7. 
   Translate these sentences and define the part of speech of the words in bold type:
   

1. The left atrium and ventricle connected by the mitral valve form the left chamber of the heart. 2. The operation made on the diseased joints restored the health of the patient. 3. The main inner organs included in the thoracic cavity are the heart and lungs. 4. The blood carried through the veins from the trunk, head and extremities to the right atrium is called venous.

8. 
   Say what organ is spoken about:
   

1. 
   This organ is the largest gland in the human body. It is in the upper part of the abdominal cavity under the diaphragm in the right side of the abdomen. Its upper surface is convex. This organ consists of small lobules connected together by connective tissue, different vessels and nerves.
   
2. 
   This organ is pyriform (грушевидный) in shape. It is a dilated portion of the alimentary canal. It is in the upper part of the abdomen under the diaphragm. The liver is above this organ, and the colon is below it. The pancreas is behind this organ.
   

9. 
   Combine the adjectives with the proper nouns given below. Translate your word combinations:
   

inner, serous, salivary, hard, exact (точный), vital, connective, pale;
length, palate, coat, capacity, tissue, gland, layer, face

10. 
    Make up sentences with the predicate in the Passive Voice. Translate them:
    

1. are, with, the oral cavity, connected, the salivary glands; 2. the oral cavity, are, the soft and hard palates, located in; 3. of, main, are, the arteries, composed, three, coats

11. 
    Translate the following sentences:
    

1. The peritoneum is a serous coat covering the inner surface of the abdominal wall. 2. The shape of the stomach changes when it dilates and its borders greatly extend. 3. The capillaries are connected with the endings of the arteries and veins. 4. The left atrium is smaller than the right one and its walls are thicker than those of the right one.

12. 
    Translate the sentences determining the meaning of the words in bold type from the context:
    

1. The great Russian scientist Pirogov published his Anatomical Atlas in 1851-1854.2. Anatomy is the science which describes the structure of the human body. 3. The invention of the radio by Popov was a great scientific revolution.

4. 
   The exact number of minutes in an hour is sixty.
   

13. 
    Using the words given on the right make up sentences corresponding to the Russian ones:
    

1. 
   В Москве издается много медицинских журналов.
   

many, published, journals, Moscow, are, in, medical;

2. 
   Анатомия описывает строение тела человека.
   

human, the, describes, structure, Anatomy, body, the, of;

3. 
   Можете ли вы сказать мне точное время?
   

exact, tell, you, can, me, the, time;

4. 
   В этой книге описаны великие открытия, сделанные советскими учеными.
   

made, in, book, this, are, great, Soviet, discoveries, described, by, scientists

14. 
    Read Text F. Translate the third and fourth paragraphs! Find there:
    

1. 
   Infinitives and state their functions; b) the subordinate object clauses with the Sequence of Tenses; c) put questions to the first and second paragraphs; d) express the essence of every paragraph in one sentence:
   

Text F. Andreas Vesalius
Andreas Vesalius (1514-1563) is one of the greatest anatomists. He studied medicine in France. In 1537 he got the degree of Doctor of Medicine. In 1538 his first scientific works in Anatomy were published. In 1543 his most important book “On the Structure of the Human Body” was written.
His work “On the Structure of the Human Body” consists of seven books. The bones of the skeleton, the joints and cartilsges were described in the first book; the muscles — in the second; the vessels — in the third; the nerves — in the fourth; the alimentary tract — in the fifth; the heart and the respiratory system — in the sixth; the brain — in the seventh.
In all his researches Vesalius studied the anatomy of the human body on corpses. He studied the structure of the inner organs of the human body taking into consideration¹ their functions. Vesalius was the first scientist to give a propef description of the human skeleton. He also determined that the right and the left ventricles' of the heart were not connected. He determined that there were no opening in the septum between the left and the right heart chambers. It was a great discovery. Before Vesalius all the scientists considered that the left and the right heart chambers were connected by the opening in the septum. His discovery opened the way to the discovery of the pulmonary and systemic blood circulations in future. Vesalius did much to establish new and exact anatomical terms.
The great Russian scientist Pavlov said that the works written by Vesalius composed the first anatomy of the human body in which everything was based on scientific research work.