Adeola Abdulateef Elega

2.1.4 Osgood and Schramm`s Circular Model of Communication (1955) 
Wilbur Schramm is a communication scholar and researcher. He developed his 
model from Charles E Osgood’s aphorism and he transformed the idea into what he 
called the Osgood Schramm Circular Model of Communication (Baran, 2005 p.5). 
Wilbur posits in this circular model of communication that to know how 
communication works it is crucial to study communication in an all-encompassing 
approach to get the comprehensive nature of communication. This is made possible 
with the exchange of information between two people. While this is going on, three 
elements make communication possible. The source, the message and the receiver. 
The model also postulates that communication does not have a start point and 
endpoint because the source turns receiver and receiver turns source at some point. 
(Communication and journalism, 2014). The Osgood model shows the ongoing 
pattern of communication. The model says communication goes round and round as 
it does not stop with receiver and there is literarily no source, feedback and receiver. 
The model further explains that all of the aforementioned is not present because the 
source automatically becomes a receiver and the receiver becomes the source 
because of the simultaneous exchange of information (Baran, 2005, p. 6). 

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Figure 3: Osgood-Schramm Circular Model of Communication (1955) 
(http://communicationtheory.org/osgood-schramm-model-of-
communication)(Communication Theories, 2015) 
2.2 Culture and Society 
What culture really is is hinged to the major factors that make the society. These 
factors are industry, democrazy, art, class and other major elements. The idea is that 
as this major elements change, the meaning of culture also changes. These are the 
submission of some British authors like T.S Eliot and William Morris. For Williams, 
he posits that culture is a unique kind of a diagrammatic representation of the earth 
surface in which the nature of the changes can be examined. He likened nature to a 
map in the view of a trope and said culture is like examining a special type of map in 
which changes can be viewed and studied. Eliot asserts that culture is everything and 
anything in the interest of a people. Eliot’s argument is in the line of the fact that for 
every group of people anything that they are concerned about and have an 
involvement with is called culture (Babe, 2009 p. 70). 
British cultural studies gave special concern and emphasis to common man and his 
ability to live a life of his own. The British Cultural Studies believe so much in the 
minority group and appreciate their culture, norms and values. A British adult 
educator, Richard Hoggart accedes in favor of the common man in line with labor 
force and industrialization. He posits that the common man knows what he is 

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supposed to do and he can execute his job without too much energy or effort. He 
argued that there is no special skill, all skills that might turn out to be hard at the 
beginning will become normal after a long practice and this is basically the situation 
in educational institutions and other sectors that make the society (Babe, 2009 p. 70). 
Transactional Model of Communication emphasizes the fact that communication is 
more than sending message to receivers. It highlights the significance of language 
and culture. The present study adopts the perspective of British Cultural Studies and 
seeks to explore difficulties faced by Nigerian students, a minority in North Cyprus 
rather than elites.