Agricultural value chains activity in uzbekistan
Socio-Economic Background (literature review)
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Socio-Economic Background (literature review)
“If Uzbekistan’s women enjoyed the average female employment rate of OECD countries, there would be 1.03 million more women contributing to the Uzbek economy today; if Uzbekistan’s female employment rate was the same as Russia’s, there would be 1.6 million additional contributors to the Uzbek economy; and if Uzbekistan’s female employment rate was the same as South Korea’s, there would be 400,000 additional contributors to the Uzbek economy” 1 . Indeed, women’s participation in labor has great significance, especially since they make 50.3 percent of the total population of Uzbekistan reaching 31.0 million in 2015 2 and 52% of women are in the child- bearing age (UNDP, 2015). There is a general increasing trend of the rural population, which makes about 49 percent of the total inhabitants (Figure 1) and mainly depends on agriculture and related activities for their livelihoods. Figure 1: Trend in changes of rural population and population employed in agriculture in Uzbekistan (Source: official government statistical yearbooks and author’s calculations). Note: The slope in 2007 for the ratio of the rural population to total population was due to the addition of rural areas to urban. Collapse of the soviet system and economic transition of independent Uzbekistan led to a decline in public social services, which resulted in significant job losses in many sectors that were traditionally employed both men and women, such as agricultural production on state and collective farms, textile manufacturing, and health and education (Figure 1). During the transition period Uzbekistan adopted policies and created institutions to improve employment and income-generating opportunities for the rural population. However, labour migration especially of rural male residents increased (ADB 2014) due to more attractive farm and off-farm income generating activities found mainly in Russia, Kazakhstan, Korea, where the number of migrants rose up to 5 million in recent years. The 2013 World Bank/GIZ survey data (Ajwad et al, 2014) shows that the Russian Federation hosts about 86 percent and Kazakhstan accounts for 12 percent of Uzbek migrants. Remittances from these migrant workers became one of the important sources of income and foreign exchange reaching approximately 6 billion USD in 2014 (UNDP 1 World Bank, World Development Indicators, 2013 2 Stat.uz ` USAID.GOV AVC UZBEKISTAN FY2019 QUARTER 3 REPORT | 4 2015). Rural male out-migration for waged works also meant women had to undertake new tasks within various sectors of economy including the agricultural. At the same time, sectors such as retail trade and catering previously non-traditional to men created additional competition for female workers (UNIFEM 2009). Female employment that has always formed an integral part of the labour force, especially in rural areas of Uzbekistan, played an important role in sustaining the economy and contributing to the income through subsistence farming. However, women in medium and large farm management are still underrepresented and, thus, remain as under-tapped resource. In rural areas labor-division along the gender line can still be observed due to cultural and traditional contexts as well as due to stereotypes that exist in women’s access to economic opportunities, managerial and decision-making positions (ADB 2014). High level of gender parity in access to education and health care was maintained in the Republic of Uzbekistan throughout the transition period. At the same time, women’s access to resources restricts their further economic development. Apart from unemployment issues: cultural norms, such as prioritizing woman’s role as a home-bound wife and mother; and lack of social security, e.g. child care services, may create critical obstacles for women entering into the job market. Nevertheless, with male labour migration women’s role especially in agriculture acquired new importance. Currently women are taking jobs, which not so long ago, were considered to be male dominated (Mukhamedova and Wegerich 2014). Download 1.41 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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