Agriculture

AGRICULTURE
Agriculture or farming is the practice of cultivating plants and livestock. Agriculture was the key development in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that enabled people to live in cities. The history of agriculture began thousands of years ago. After gathering wild grains beginning at least 105,000 years ago, nascent farmers began to plant them around 11,500 years ago. Sheep, goats, pigs and cattle were domesticated over 10,000 years ago. Plants were independently cultivated in at least 11 regions of the world. Industrial agriculture based on large-scale monoculture in the twentieth century came to dominate agricultural output, though about 2 billion people still depended on subsistence agriculture.The major agricultural products can be broadly grouped into foods, fibers, fuels, and raw materials (such as rubber). Food classes include cereals (grains), vegetables, fruits, cooking oils, meat, milk, eggs, and fungi. Over one-third of the world's workers are employed in agriculture, second only to the service sector, although in recent decades, the global trend of a decreasing number of agricultural workers continues, especially in developing countries, where smallholding is being overtaken by industrial agriculture and mechanization that brings an enormous crop yield increase.Modern agronomy, plant breeding, agrochemicals such as pesticides and fertilizers, and technological developments have sharply increased crop yields, but cause ecological and environmental damage. Selective breeding and modern practices in animal husbandry have similarly increased the output of meat, but have raised concerns about animal welfare and environmental damage. Environmental issues include contributions to global warming, depletion of aquifers, deforestation, antibiotic resistance, and other agricultural pollution. Agriculture is both a cause of and sensitive to environmental degradation, such as biodiversity loss, desertification, soil degradation, and global warming, all of which can cause decreases in crop yield. Genetically modified organisms are widely used, although some are banned in certain countries.
Qishloq xo'jaligi
Qishloq xoʻjaligi yoki dehqonchilik oʻsimlik va chorvachilik bilan shugʻullanadi[1]. Qishloq xo'jaligi o'troq inson tsivilizatsiyasining yuksalishida asosiy rivojlanish bo'ldi, buning natijasida xonakilashtirilgan turlarning dehqonchiligi oziq-ovqat mahsulotlarining ortiqchaligini keltirib chiqardi, bu esa odamlarga shaharlarda yashash imkonini berdi. Qishloq xo'jaligi tarixi ming yillar oldin boshlangan. Yovvoyi donlarni kamida 105 000 yil oldin yig'ib bo'lgach, yangi dehqonlar ularni taxminan 11 500 yil oldin ekishni boshladilar. Qo'ylar, echkilar, cho'chqalar va qoramollar 10 000 yil oldin xonakilashtirilgan. O'simliklar dunyoning kamida 11 mintaqasida mustaqil ravishda etishtirildi. Yigirmanchi asrda yirik monokulturaga asoslangan sanoat qishloq xo'jaligi qishloq xo'jaligi mahsulotlarida ustunlik qildi, garchi taxminan 2 milliard kishi hali ham o'zboshimchalik bilan qishloq xo'jaligiga bog'liq edi.Asosiy qishloq xo'jaligi mahsulotlarini oziq-ovqat, tolalar, yoqilg'i va xom ashyo (masalan, kauchuk) kabi keng guruhlarga bo'lish mumkin. Oziq-ovqat sinflariga don (don), sabzavotlar, mevalar, yog'lar, go'sht, sut, tuxum va qo'ziqorinlar kiradi. Dunyo ishchilarining uchdan bir qismi qishloq xo'jaligida band bo'lib, xizmat ko'rsatish sohasidan keyin ikkinchi o'rinda turadi, garchi so'nggi o'n yilliklarda qishloq xo'jaligi ishchilari sonining qisqarish global tendentsiyasi davom etmoqda, ayniqsa kichik xo'jalik sanoat qishloq xo'jaligi tomonidan quvib o'tilayotgan rivojlanayotgan mamlakatlarda. ekinlar hosildorligini sezilarli darajada oshiradigan mexanizatsiya.Zamonaviy agronomiya, oʻsimlikchilik, pestitsidlar va oʻgʻitlar kabi agrokimyoviy vositalar, texnologik ishlanmalar hosildorlikni keskin oshirgan boʻlsa-da, ekologiya va atrof-muhitga zarar yetkazmoqda. Selektiv naslchilik va chorvachilikdagi zamonaviy amaliyotlar xuddi shunday go'sht ishlab chiqarishni ko'paytirdi, ammo hayvonlarning farovonligi va atrof-muhitga zarari haqida tashvish uyg'otdi. Atrof-muhit muammolari global isish, suvli qatlamlarning kamayishi, o'rmonlarning kesilishi, antibiotiklarga chidamliligi va boshqa qishloq xo'jaligining ifloslanishiga hissa qo'shishni o'z ichiga oladi. Qishloq xo'jaligi biologik xilma-xillikning yo'qolishi, cho'llanish, tuproqning degradatsiyasi va global isish kabi atrof-muhitning buzilishining sababi va ularga sezgir bo'lib, bularning barchasi hosildorlikning pasayishiga olib kelishi mumkin.

Development - Rivojlanish
Domestic - maishiy
Grain - don
Industrial - Sanoat
Dominate - Hukmronlik qilish
Employ - Ishga berish
agronomy - agronomiya
agrochemicals - agrokimyoviy moddalar
technological - texnologik
welfare - farovonlik