Ahmed Draia of Adrar Faculty of Art and Languages Department of English Language and Literature

2.3. Motivation, the learning environment and the learner 
2.3.1. Motivation to learn
Promoting learning motivation is one of the main principles for efficient education (Kim 
&W. Frick, 2011). The studies have shown that there is a direct relationship between 
motivation and efficacy of students in learning. The study suggested several strategies for 
teachers that can be very useful in increasing language learners' external motivation and 
creating a positive attitude among them towards language learning. Some of them include 
creating a friendly atmosphere in the classroom, providing students with a learner-centered, 
low-anxiety classroom environment; provide opportunities for students to feel a sense of 
accomplishment. Adding to that, encourage students to establish their own short-term 
objectives. Motivation to learn reveals that a student desires to take part in, and learn from, a 
training activity (Garavan et al., 2010). 
2.3.2. Motivation and online education
Paris and Turner (1994) describe motivation as '…theengineof learning‟ (p. 217). 
„Motivation can influence what we learn, how we learn and when we choose to learn‟ (Schunk 
and Usher, 2012), „given the important reciprocal relationship between motivation and 

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learning‟ (Brophy 2010), „It is not surprising that motivation has been actively researched 
across a wide range of traditional educational settings‟ (Schunk et al. 2014). Despite this, 
studies that explore motivation to learn in online contexts are limited in both number and scope, 
as others have noted (Bekele 2010). The biggest challenge in online education is motivation 
itself, and how to keep students engaged and motivated is common across grade levels, subject, 
matter, and all types of courses. Also, anxiety, which is an emotional state in online education 
affecting students‟ performance. Furthermore, promoting extrinsic motivation in online learning 
is a key factor in the learner's performance. Many educators believe that eventually extrinsic 
rewards lead to intrinsic motivation. Showing learners, the importance of online education in 
their learning performance and progress, and providing them with a diploma or certificate after 
online training. Also, offering positive feedback in public will catch their interest and make 
them actively participate in their online training.