Aleksandr Deineka (1899-1969) : an avant-garde for the proletariat
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June 27. The first nuclear power plant in the world for large-scale production of electricity opens in Obninsk, a city near Moscow. Il’ia Erenburg publishes his novella Ottepel’ (The Thaw), giving a name to the era of liberalization in Soviet politics after Stalin’s death.
of the Academy of Fine Arts of the USSR request- ing permission to stage a solo exhibition which had been planned five years earlier but had been post- poned by “circumstances beyond our control.”
opens. The Soviet Pavilion includes Deineka’s 1953 painting of seaside leisure In Sevastopol.
Speech” to a closed session of the 20th Party Con- gress, condemning Stalin’s purges of the military and Party off icials, and his cult of personality. October. He leaves his post as Director of MIPIDI, though he stays on as chair of the Decorative Sculpture Department.
dies in Moscow. April 19–25. The First Congress of the Union of Soviet Composers takes place in Moscow. Impor- tant composers, including Shostakovich and Prokofiev, are censored in accordance with the Zhdanov decree.
Deineka and Serafima Lycheva separate. The Soviet Union begins to launch suborbital missions designed to explore space (1949–59) in preparation for man’s first flight into space.
University of Moscow building in the Lenin Hills, puts Deineka in charge of the mosaic bas-reliefs of the main hall depicting sixty distinguished scholars of world history. Deineka supervises students at MIPIDI working on the interior of the Dramatic Theater in Kalinin (present-day Tver). Deineka purchases a dacha in the artists’ village of Peski, located in the Kolomenskii district near Moscow.
Moscow.
March 22. Soviet Channel 1, the first television channel in the USSR, is launched and, to this day, continues to be the largest broadcasting network.
the exhibition S. V. Guerasimov, A. A. Deineka, P. P. Konchalovski, S. D. Lebedev, V. I. Mukhina, D. A. Shmarinov. State Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow, 1944
Night. The Patriarch Ponds (From the series Moscow
during the War), 1946–47. Tempera, gouache and charcoal on paper, 61 x 75.5 cm. State Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow
Repair of Tanks on the Front Line (From the series
Moscow during the War), 1946–47. Tempera and gouache on paper, 67.5 x 83.5 cm. State Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow
Evacuation of Kolkhoz Animals (From the series Moscow during the War), 1946–47. Tempera on paper, 65 x 74.5 cm. State Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow
11. Sketches of ballerinas for the panels of the Chelyabinsk Opera and Ballet Theater. Illustration from Aleksandr Deineka’s book,
On My Working Practice, 1969 [cat. 248] 2. Aleksandr Deineka. An Ace Shot Down, 1943. Oil on canvas, 283 x 188 cm. Russian Museum, Saint Petersburg
May 9, 1945. Photograph by Dmitrii Bal’termants. Fundación José María Castañé
his wife in their dacha in Leningrad, ca. 1962 ( Izvestia). Fundación José María Castañé 5. Aleksandr Deineka. Relay Race, 1947. Bronze, 56 x 99 x 16 cm. State Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow 6. Stalin, Malenkov and Beria at Zhadov’s funeral, 1948. Fundación José María Castañé 7. Aleksandr Deineka. Sverdlov Square. December (From the series
Moscow during the War), 1946–47. Tempera, gouache and charcoal on paper, 62 x 75.5 cm. State Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow 7 11 9 8 10 Fundación Juan March 24 November 10. The Hungarian Revolution is crushed by Soviet troops. In January 1957, the new government put in place by the Soviets and head- ed by János Kádár suppresses all public opposition. December 3. Aleksandr Rodchenko dies in Mo- scow.
An exhibition of the works of Pablo Picasso takes place at the Pushkin Museum in Moscow. 1957 February. Deineka writes to his sister in Kursk: “Nothing has changed in Moscow: I teach, attend meetings, paint pictures, give advice. Each day there are more meetings and fewer results.” March 29. Deineka is nominated for the title of People’s Artist of the Russian Soviet Socialist Re- public by the Academy of Fine Arts of the USSR; the Artists’ Union confirms the nomination on July 8.
1936—opens at the Academy of Fine Arts, display- ing around 270 works. Reviews in the press are numerous and uniformly positive. October 1. Deineka is appointed professor and director of his own workshop at the Moscow State Academic Artistic Institute commonly known as “The Surikov Institute” (MGAKhI). December. Deineka’s sketches for two enormous panels on the subjects “For Peace throughout the World” and “Peaceful Construction” for the 1958 International Exhibition in Brussels are approved. He completes them with the assistance of a bri- gade of artists composed of his former students. He is elected a member of the board of the Artists Union (SKh) of the USSR. Deineka meets his future wife, Elena Volkova (born 1921), who works at The Foreign Book, a bookstore on Kachalov street (present-day Malaia Nikitskaia) in Moscow. According to his wife, during the first years of their life together, Deineka “was an unusu- ally healthy and smart looking person. He liked to dress well. He had a barber and a tailor who made him very elegant suits. Often he gave me large baskets of flowers with a simple note: ‘To my dear friend’ or simply ‘Hello!’” September 29. A tank of highly radioactive liquid waste explodes at the Maiak nuclear plant located in the Cheliabinsk region.
artificial satellite to orbit the Earth. With Alberto Sánchez—a sculptor in exile in the USSR—providing creative assistance, Grigorii Koz- intsev directs the film Don Quixote, recovering Cervantes’s work from obscurity following Stalin’s death.
tion after the Second World War (and the first in the conditions of Cold War), opens in Brussels. Deineka’s two commissioned panels are displayed in the Soviet Pavilion, while a number of his other paintings are put on show in the fine arts section of the International Pavilion, including Defense of Petrograd, Outskirts of Moscow, 1941 and Relay Race on the Garden Ring Road. These three paint- ings, as well as his panel For Peace, are awarded gold medals.
Prize
by the board of directors of the Moscow Union of Soviet Artists for his panel For Peace, ex- ecuted for the Soviet Pavilion at the International Exhibition in Brussels, but it does not win enough votes to be awarded the prize. He is elected member of the Presidium of the Academy of Fine Arts, vice-president of the Moscow Union of Soviet Artists, and a member of the Soviet Committee for the Defense of Peace. July 22. The novelist and playwright Mikhail Zoshchenko dies in Leningrad. October. Russian author Boris Pasternak wins the Nobel Prize for Literature for his novel Doctor Zhivago. The publication of this novel also caused him to be excluded from the Union of Soviet Writers. 1959 March 6. Deineka is named People’s Artist of the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic (RSFSR) by a decree issued by the board of direc- tors of the RSFSR Supreme Soviet. May 21. The Academy celebrates Deineka’s 60th birthday. Deineka is named the chief artist of the Palace of Congresses under construction at the Kremlin. He begins to work on a series of mosaic panels entitled People of the Land of the Soviets, which are not concluded due to changes in the building project. In 1960 he completes, instead, a mosaic frieze depicting the coats of arms of the fifteen Soviet republics that is installed in the main hall of the Palace of Congresses at the Kremlin. Painter P. F. Nikinov recalls what Deineka was like at the time: “He was robust, with a reddish neck, broad shoulders and short legs. The proportions of his heroines—robust, solid—reflect his own propor- tions . . . That is exactly what he looked like: broad, short and very strong. He was a boxer. His hair was very short, completely grey. He looked younger than his age . . . He was a solitary person, keeping everyone at a distance. He detested conspiracies . . . He was a well-rounded man” (catalogue of the exhibition at the State Tretyakov Gallery [Moscow, 2010], 230). July 24. The American National Exhibition opens in Sokolniki Park, Moscow, displaying American con- sumer goods. Its model kitchen became the site
View of
the Red Square, 1956. Oil on canvas, 51 x 65.5 cm. Private collection
Communist Party of the Soviet Union/CPSU. At center, Nikita Khrushchev, Moscow, 1959. Fundación José María Castañé 4. Aleksandr Deineka with a film camera, ca. 1960 5. Nikita Khrushchev in his dacha, ca. 1962 ( Izvestia). Fundación José María Castañé 1 2 3 Fundación Juan March 1962 January 2. Deineka is awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor by the Presidium of the Su- preme Soviet of the USSR for his contribution to the construction of the Kremlin Palace of Con- gresses.
tary Nikita Khrushchev’s famous visit to the exhibi- tion 30 Years of MOSSKh at the Manezh gallery in Moscow. The visit started well when the secretary of the Artists’ Union of the RSFSR, Valentin Serov, showed Khrushchev Deineka’s painting Mother,
saying: “Look, Nikita Sergeyevich, this is how our Soviet painters portray our happy Soviet mothers . . . Nikita Sergeyevich nodded . . .” Later in his tour of the exhibition, however, Khrushchev would make his expletive-ridden condemnation of the work of contemporary nonconformist artists. Pavel Nikonov has described the meetings held by the Central Committee of the Party at Staraia Ploschad’ in late December on the subject of the controversial exhibition. Nikonov was walking up the stairs with Deineka when they were joined by the Soviet Minister of Culture, Ekaterina Furtseva. She brought up Khrushchev’s criticism of Niko- nov’s painting in the exhibition, The Geologists, to which Deineka responded by coming to the artist’s defense: “He is a very nice fellow, you should not scold him. There was a time when I was brushed aside… and as my paintings were brushed aside, they were sold for one ruble, because they could not be thrown out.” “I know you, Aleksandr Alek- sandrovich,” Furtseva retorted, “you always side with the youth!”
the Academy of Fine Arts, a position he holds until 1966. Deineka visits Czechoslovakia. May. Khrushchev places Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba, prompting what was known as the Cuban Missile Crisis, the greatest conflict between the Soviet Union and the United States during the Cold War.
city of Novocherkassk. October 17. The artist Natalia Goncharova dies in Paris.
1963 April 12. Deineka receives the honorary title grant- ed by the position of People’s Artist of the USSR. July 28. Deineka writes a letter to the Surikov Art Institute requesting to be relieved of his position: “I have directed the monumental painting work- shop for several years . . . The chair of Painting has recently taken a determined stance with regard to decorative-monumental art, defining it as formalist. This situation has made my work at the Institute dif- ficult . . . I wish to be relieved of my assigned post.” August 2. The RSFSR Ministry of Culture refers the case to the Academy of Arts in a letter requesting they study the dispute between Deineka and the Surikov Institute. September 3. The Presidium of the Academy of Fine Arts does not accept Deineka’s resigna- tion but, on account of the agitation the incident caused at the Institute, grants Deineka one year of unpaid leave.
becomes the first woman to travel to space. Artists Vitaly Komar and Aleksandr Melamid, both students at the Moscow Stroganov Institute of Art and Industry (MGKhPU), meet during an anatomy drawing class. From 1967 to 2003 they work to- gether as Komar & Melamid. of the famous “Kitchen Debate” between Richard Nixon and Nikita Khrushchev.
mainly serving international flights. September 12. Launch of the Lunik 2, the first man- made object to reach the moon on September 14. 1960 February 26. Deineka is granted an honorary prize by the Soviet Committee for the Defense of Peace. March. Deineka joins the Communist Party/CPSU (KPSS).
May. An exhibition of Russian and Soviet art in Paris includes three much earlier paintings by Deineka: Defense of Petrograd, Mother and Lunch Break in the Donbass.
paintings by Deineka, ranging in date from 1935 to 1959.
sembly of the Union of Artists of the USSR (SKh SSSR).
solo exhibition of about 100 pieces of his work at the Picture Gallery of Kursk. According to Vladimir Galaiko, Deineka’s personal chauff eur since 1962, the artist purchases a Volga Gas-2 automobile. February 5. Foundation of the People’s Friendship University in the South of Moscow, now called the People’s Friendship University of Russia.
tion of Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet.
in Peredelkino. 1961 March 18. According to the newspaper Sovetskaia kul’tura, Deineka will be in France for two weeks with a delegation of Russian artists, following an invitation from the French National Committee of the International Association of Fine Arts in Paris. June 10. Deineka sends a postcard to his sister in Kursk in which he writes: “I was in Paris recently, I traveled half the country. I have not stopped travel- ing since my return: Moscow-Leningrad, Leningrad- Moscow.”
Academy of Fine Arts gold medal for his mosaic A Good Morning. December 4. Aleksandr Dejneka by art critic Du- shan Konechna is published in Prague. Deineka is invited to Prague by the Union of Czechoslovakian Artists, which informs him the Ministry of Finance will pay him 2,000 crowns in advance. December 12. An extensive article by Deineka, “Sublime and Radiant Art – for the People,” is pub- lished in the newspaper Izvestiia. Deineka’s book, Learn to Draw, and the autobio- graphical essay On My Working Practice [cat. 248], are published by the Academy of Arts.
Gagarin becomes the first human to travel to space.
mausoleum on Red Square, where it lay next to Lenin’s, and placed in a tomb by the walls of the Kremlin, over which a monument was later raised. Andrei Tarkovsky directs his first film, Ivanovo
Detstvo (Ivan’s Childhood), which wins the Golden Lion at the Venice Film Festival in 1962. 4 5
26 1964 April 22. Nominated once again by the MOSSKh board of directors, Deineka receives the Lenin Prize for his mosaic panels produced between 1959 and 1962.
May 19. The short film The Artist Aleksandr Deineka is played during a reception held in his honor at the Central House of Art Workers. October 2. Deineka travels to Berlin to attend an exhibition showcasing work by members of the Academy of Fine Arts of the USSR. He is elected corresponding member of the Academy of Fine Arts of the German Democratic Republic.
Fine Arts Council of the Ministry of Culture of the USSR and put in charge of the Monumental Paint- ing Department. He produces a new version of The Defense of Petrograd, originally painted in 1928. The book Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Deineka by M. N. Iablonskaia is published in Leningrad. May 10. The artist Mikhail Larionov dies in Fonte- nay-aux-Roses, France. October 14. The Central Committee votes to de- pose Nikita Khrushchev from his position as First Secretary of the Communist Party; he is replaced by Leonid Brezhnev, who holds the position until his death in 1982.
ka’s teacher at VKhUTEMAS, dies in Moscow. In Italy, Anna Akhmatova is awarded the Etna Taormina International Prize for Poetry. The progressive Taganka Drama and Comedy The- ater opens under the direction of Iurii Liubimov. 1965 March 8. According to a postcard addressed to Deineka’s family, on this date he embarks on a three-week trip to Italy, a country he has not visited for thirty years. Deineka produces a mosaic for the facade of the sanatorium for the USSR Council of Ministers in Sochi. He sells his dacha in Podrezkovo. As Elena Volkova- Deineka recounts, Deineka moved from this “Paradise” (as Deineka called it) to Peredelkino due to the constant acts of vandalism carried out by “hooligans” from the surrounding working-class towns. “They did atrocious things to the paint- ings, slashing them with knives. After one of the pogroms, they ripped the surface of The Bathers, as well as a large canvas of a model and many other paintings. Aleksandr Aleksandrovich realized we could not continue to live in this dacha” (Elena Pavlova Deineka in Problema sovetskogo iskusstva 1930–50 [Kursk, 1999], 129).
becomes the first man to walk in space. April 20. The artist Sergei Gerasimov dies in Mo- scow.
October 2. The Supreme Soviet adopts the reforms to the system of state economic planning known as the Liberman Plan.
the Department of Decorative Arts at the Academy of Fine Arts of the USSR.
magazine Krokodil along with an epigram by the Kukryniksi caricaturists. October 19. A solo exhibition of Deineka’s work opens in Kursk. The following year, the show travels to the Museum of Russian Art in Kiev and the Art Museum of the Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic in Riga. Deineka moves into an apartment in the Union of Artists of the USSR housing cooperative on 22 Bols- haia Bronnaia Street, in Moscow. March 1. Venera 3 becomes the first space probe to land on another planet, Venus. Download 4.48 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: 
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