Amir temur timur

AMIR TEMUR
Timur^[a] (Chagatay: تيمور Temür, lit. 'Iron'; 9 April 1336 – 17–19 February 1405), later Timūr Gurkānī^[b] (Chagatay: تيمور کورگن Temür Küregen),^[8] was a Turco-Mongol conqueror who founded the Timurid Empire in and around modern-day Afghanistan, Iran, and Central Asia, becoming the first ruler of the Timurid dynasty. An undefeated commander, he is widely regarded as one of the greatest military leaders and tacticians in history, as well as one of the most brutal.^[9][10][11] Timur is also considered a great patron of art and architecture as he interacted with intellectuals such as Ibn Khaldun, Hafez, and Hafiz-i Abru and his reign introduced the Timurid Renaissance.^{[9]: 341–342}
Born into the Barlas confederation in Transoxiana (in modern-day Uzbekistan) on 9 April 1336, Timur gained control of the western Chagatai Khanate by 1370. From that base, he led military campaigns across Western, South, and Central Asia, the Caucasus, and Southern Russia, defeating in the process the Khans of the Golden Horde, the Mamluks of Egypt and Syria, the emerging Ottoman Empire, and the late Delhi Sultanate of India and emerging as the most powerful ruler in the Islamic World.^[12] From these conquests, he founded the Timurid Empire, but this empire fragmented shortly after his death.
Timur was the last of the great nomadic conquerors of the Eurasian Steppe, and his empire set the stage for the rise of the more structured and lasting Islamic gunpowder empires in the 16th and 17th centuries.^[13][14][15] Timur was of both Turkic and Mongol descent, and, while probably not a direct descendant on either side, he shared a common ancestor with Genghis Khan on his father's side,^[16][17][18] though some authors have suggested his mother may have been a descendant of Khan.^[19][20] He clearly sought to invoke the legacy of the latter's^{[clarification needed]} conquests during his lifetime.^[21] Timur envisioned the restoration of the Mongol Empire of Genghis Khan and according to Gérard Chaliand, saw himself as Genghis Khan's heir.^[22]
According to Beatrice Forbes Manz, "in his formal correspondence Temur continued throughout his life to portray himself as the restorer of Chinggisid rights. He justified his Iranian, Mamluk, and Ottoman campaigns as a re-imposition of legitimate Mongol control over lands taken by usurpers."^[23] To legitimize his conquests, Timur relied on Islamic symbols and language, referring to himself as the "Sword of Islam". He was a patron of educational and religious institutions. He converted nearly all the Borjigin leaders to Islam during his lifetime. Timur decisively defeated the Christian Knights Hospitaller at the Siege of Smyrna, styling himself a ghazi.^[9]: 91 By the end of his reign, Timur had gained complete control over all the remnants of the Chagatai Khanate, the Ilkhanate, and the Golden Horde, and even attempted to restore the Yuan dynasty in China.
Timur's armies were inclusively multi-ethnic and were feared throughout Asia, Africa, and Europe,^[9] sizable parts of which his campaigns laid waste.^[24] Scholars estimate that his military campaigns caused the deaths of 17 million people, amounting to about 5% of the world population at the time.^[25][26] Of all the areas he conquered, Khwarazm suffered the most from his expeditions, as it rose several times against him.^[27] Timur's campaigns have been characterized as genocidal.^[28]
Timur was the grandfather of the Timurid sultan, astronomer and mathematician Ulugh Beg, who ruled Central Asia from 1411 to 1449, and the great-great-great-grandfather of Babur (1483–1530), founder of the Mughal Empire, which then ruled almost all of the Indian subcontinent
The great military leader Amir Timur (Tamerlane) was born April 9, 1336 in Khoja-Ilgar village, Kesh (now Karshi, Uzbekistan). The founder played a significant role in the history of Central, South and West Asia, as well as Caucasus, the Volga region and Russia.
Biography of Tamerlane’s political activity is similar to Genghis Khan. Timur also was interested in all the details of the organization of the military forces of the enemy, as well as he had authority with his troops and always could rely on their associates. Since young age Timur was smart and courage, he liked to talk with scientists, listening to the reading of historical works. He was not only forward-looking ruler and a talented organizer, but also cruel conqueror, ruthlessly suppressing any disobedience.
Most of his life the great commander spent in campaigns, his reign lasted 35 years (1370 - 1405). In 1370 Timur was proclaimed supreme Emir of Turan. When he conquered the territory of Ferghana and Shash, also land between the rivers Amu Darya and Syr Darya, Timur began to expand the boundaries of his future empire. Then Timur with great success conquered states of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iraq, Iran and India. After he captured Damask and defeated the troops of the Egyptian sultans. Then he defeated he Turkish conqueror Sultan Bayazid, they made war for 2 years (1400 - 1402). Having made strong army, Timur created the conditions for further economic and cultural development of his empire. n 1404 Timur led his troops to China, unfortunately, his plan was not succeed. It was the last military campaign of the great commander. February 18, 1405 at the age of 68 years Timur died in Otrar (Shymkent, Kazakhstan), was buried in Samarkand.
It is important to note that the Great Silk Road appeared during the reign of Amir Timur. He also established trade and diplomatic relations with major European countries like England and France. Tomb of the great Sultan (Tamerlane) is in Gur Emir Mausoleum in Samarkand. There is a legend that if somebody disturbs Tamerlane’s ash, great and terrible war begins.
Timur Taragay ibn Barlas was born on April 9, 1336 in the small village of Khoja-Ilgar. The name Temur is translated from Turkic as “iron”, which in many respects influenced his strong-willed character and further fate. He was a brave and courageous young man, his parents and mentors raised him as a real warrior. Despite the wound in the leg that he received in battle, he had remarkable strength and until the last days he personally participated in all campaigns and battles. Therefore, historians called him the Great Lame.

Successful marriage to the daughter of Genghiside Sarai Mulk Khonim gave the opportunity to get a worthy title of the khan "guragan", which is translated from Turkic as "son-in-law of the khan".
The main goal of Temur was to overcome the fragmentation of Mawarannahr and to unite these lands into a single state. Despite its origin, he was able to oust the Mongols from Mawarannahr and to unite the lands into one large state. He made Samarkand the capital of his empire – a desolate city near the ruins of the ancient capital of Sogdiana – Afrosiab. Here, he soon began the construction of defensive walls, the citadel and his residence.
By the beginning of the XV century, Amir Temur created a huge empire, his possessions stretched from the Volga to the Caucasus, from Central Asia to India. As a wise commander, he created the huge ideal army to protect his lands. The reign of Temur had lasted for 35 years (1370-1405).

The great commander and statesman has left us a huge legacy, ranging from literary works and Code of State administration to the unique masterpieces of the ancient architecture that have gone down in world history. He lived and worked, conquered the lands and created his story – the story of a great man.
Timur envisioned the restoration of the Mongol Empire of Genghis Khan. As a means of legitimating his conquests, Timur relied on Islamic symbols and language, referring to himself as the Sword of Islam and patronizing educational and religious institutions. He converted nearly all the Borjigin leaders to Islam during his lifetime. His armies were inclusively multi-ethnic. During his lifetime Timur emerged as the most powerful ruler in the Muslim world after defeating the Mamluks of Egypt and Syria, the emerging Ottoman Empire and the declining Sultanate of Delhi. Timur had also decisively defeated the Christian Knights Hospitaller at Smyrna, styling himself a Ghazi. By the end of his reign Timur had also gained complete control over all the remnants of the Chagatai Khanate, Ilkhanate, Golden Horde and even attempted to restore the Yuan dynasty.
Timur's armies were feared throughout Asia, Africa, and Europe. Scholars estimate that his military campaigns caused the deaths of 17 million people, amounting to about 5% of the world population, leading to a predominantly barbaric legacy.
Timur is also recognized as a great patron of art and architecture, as he interacted with Muslim intellectuals such as Ibn Khaldun and Hafiz-i Abru.