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80. The correct answer is (A). On March 2, 1836, Texans declared their independence from Mexico,
independence that was secured by their victory at San Jacinto on April 21 of that year. Most Texans
favored immediate annexation by the United States, but this proposal was opposed by the antislavery
elements in the North.
81. The correct answer is (C). During the second half of the first decade of the nineteenth century, Great
Britain and France were at war. The United States attempted to maintain its neutrality and to continue
exporting and importing goods, but both belligerents followed policies whereby they seized American
ships and goods. In addition, the British navy, hard pressed to man its ships, impressed American sea-
man (forced them into service in the British navy). A particularly egregious example of this policy
occurred in June of 1807 when the British frigate Leopard fired upon the American frigate Chesapeake.
In December of 1807, Congress passed the Embargo act prohibiting commerce with any foreign port.
The act had three goals: one, to reduce the likelihood of war by preventing seizures of ships and men;
two, to punish Britain with economic sanctions; and three, to reduce American dependence on imports.
In spite of the economic dislocation caused to the United States, most sections of the nation supported
President Jefferson’s decision. The exception was the Northeast, which was particularly hard hit by the
sanctions and even talked of secession. The Embargo Act was replaced by the Non-intercourse Act in
1809, which restricted the prohibition of commerce to Great Britain and France. The chart shows the
devastating effect on trade. Finally, even that prohibition was repealed in 1810 by Macon’s Bill #2 (so
called because Macon’s Bill number #1 didn’t pass). As you would expect, trade recovered.
82. The correct answer is (D). (A), (B), (C), and (E) are all advantages that the North enjoyed over the
South, and they help explain the course of the war. The South had some initial successes, as the North
mobilized for war; but once mobilized, the North with its greater resources wore down the South. Most
historians agree, however, that the military leaders of the South, particularly Generals Thomas J. “Stone-
wall” Jackson and Robert E. Lee, were as able as and perhaps more able than their Union counterparts.