82. The correct answer is (A). On August 2, 1964, the U.S. destroyer Maddox reported that it had been
attacked by three boats using torpedoes and guns while in international waters in the Gulf of Tonkin
off the coast of Vietnam. Two days later there was a report of a similar attack on a different U.S.
vessel. Johnson ordered air strikes against North Vietnam and went before Congress to obtain a reso-
lution empowering the president to “take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the
forces of the United States and to prevent further aggression.” The resolution passed the House unani-
mously and the Senate with only two dissenting votes. This resolution was thereafter used by the
administration as authority for its escalation of the war in Vietnam. Ironically, subsequent research
suggests that the attacks may not even have taken place.
The Platt Amendment was a provision attached to a 1901 army appropriations bill that was
designed to keep Cuba subservient to the United States even while granting Cuba independence. The
terms of the Platt Amendment were later incorporated into the Cuban constitution of 1902 and were
reaffirmed in a treaty between the United States and Cuba.
SEATO is an acronym for Southeast Asian Treaty Organization. Formed in 1954, the organiza-
tion included Australia, Great Britain, France, Pakistan, the Philippines, Thailand, and New Zealand.
Despite the similarity of the acronyms SEATO and NATO, SEATO was not a true military alliance.
The Wilmot Proviso was added to a bill appropriating money to negotiate an end to the war with
Mexico. It stipulated that slavery would be forbidden in any territory acquired from Mexico by virtue
of any treaty negotiated. The provision failed to pass the Senate.
83. The correct answer is (C). There are many published autobiographies of African-Americans held in
slavery. They indicate that although the white people who physically controlled the African-Americans
regarded the African-Americans as slaves, the African-Americans did not regard themselves as such.
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