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EXAMPLE:
Tim hopes to score well on the exam because he plans to go to an Ivy League school.
Use a comma after a long introductory phrase.
EXAMPLES:
In this impoverished region with its arid soil
-
, a typical diet may contain only 800 calories per day.
At the height of the moral war against sensational journalism
-
, Horace Greeley moved into the
forefront of the journalistic picture.
Regardless of their length, use a comma after introductory gerunds, participles, and infinitives.

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Lesson 2
18
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ARCO
■ SAT II Subject Tests
EXAMPLES:
Begun in 1981 and completed in 1985
-
, the bridge provided the first link between the island and
the mainland.
To slow the bleeding
-
, Van tied a tourniquet around the lower portion of the leg.
Use commas to set off nonrestrictive clauses and phrases and other parenthetical elements.
EXAMPLES:
Niagara Falls
-
, which forms part of the border between the United States and Canada
-
, was the
site of a saw mill built by the French in 1725.
The second Nicene Council
-
, the seventh ecumenical council of the Church
-
, was summoned by
the Empress Irene and her son Constantine.
The last hope of the French expired when Metz
-
, along with 180,000 soldiers
-
, was surrendered
by Bazaine.
Secretary of State Acheson
-
, however
-
, made a reasoned defense of the treaty.
(Nonrestrictive clauses and phrases are ones not essential to the meaning of the main clause. In
general, if you can omit the material without changing the meaning of the main clause, then the material
is nonrestrictive and should be set off by commas.)
These rules summarize the most important uses of commas. If you use them in just these situations,
then you won’t make a mistake in their use. In particular, do NOT use commas in the following situations.
Do not use a comma to separate a subject from its verb.