An Introduction to Applied Linguistics
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Norbert Schmitt (ed.) - An Introduction to Applied Linguistics (2010, Routledge) - libgen.li
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Dictionary of the English Language 3
difficulty analysis, of language tests 256–7 diffusion models 153, 155 diglossia 149 direct method 4 discourse analysis 8, 68–9, 269–70 approaches to 56–63 linguistics 61–3 sociolinguistics 57, 59–61 sociology 57–9 Birmingham School 57, 61–2 corpus linguistics 66–7 critical discourse analysis (CDA) 57, 63 defining 53–4 of speaking and writing 54–6, 63–4, 270 systemic functional linguistics (SFL) 57, 62–3 and teaching, implications for 67 variation theory 57, 61, 66–7, 149 discourse markers 61–2 dispreferred sequences 59 distance-closeness (PDR model) 77–8 documentation portfolios 260 drafting 235 elaboration 187 elision 206, 211 ellipsis 199 emergentism 9, 27–8 emotion control strategies 175 enacting, listening comprehension skill 186 English, as foreign/second language 2 and language proficiency 48–50 lexical bar 47–8 lexical properties, comparison of 47–50 337 Index vocabulary size 46–50 English as a Second Language Composition Profile 243 environmental control strategies 175 error analysis studies 115, 119–20 ethnography 57, 59–60 ethos 235 European Language Portfolio (ELP) 261 evaluation portfolios 260 event-related potentials (ERP) 9, 131, 133–4 exchange see turn-taking executive motivation/volition 170–2 Extensive Reading Foundation 39 eye-movement studies 9 face interpretation model 76–7, 80 feedback 29, 119–20 figuratives 35 filters 165 fixation 187 fluency development 41–2, 52 follow-ups 202, 279 foreignizing 165 forensic linguistics 2 forgetting and relearning 137 form interference 274 form vs. function 20–2, 30–1 formulaic sequences 12, 25–6, 28, 35, 202 frequency of grammatical use 27–8 high-frequency words 36–7, 41–2, 44–5, 50 word counts 36–7, 95–100 functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) 10, 131, 134 gender 150–1, 154–6, 162 General Service List of English Words (GSL) 4, 36 genre 60, 63, 199–200, 241–2 geographical mobility 150 gestures 135–6, 139, 165, 204 graded readers 38–9 grammar 33, 268 cognitive grammar 21 communicative grammar 20–1 construction grammar 9, 21 defining 18–26 descriptive grammar 18–22 dimensions of 22, 28 direct method 4 discourse grammar 23–4 feedback 29 form vs. function 20–2, 30–1 generative/transformational 20 grammaring 29–30 grammatical variation 147–8 historical development 3–4 in L2 language acquisition 27–9 learner strategies 168 learning 26–9 lexico-grammar 12, 25–6 and lexis, interdependence 25–6 limitations of 25–6 mental grammar 18, 20 models of 18–22 overlearning 26 pedagogical grammar 18–19, 22 prescriptive grammar 18 repetition 29 rule formation 26–7 spoken vs. written grammar 24, 63–4 and syllabus design, influence on 21 systemic-functional grammar 5 teaching methods 4, 29–31 trends in 11–12 type vs. token 22–3 types of 18–22 Universal Grammar (UG) 5, 27, 108–10 grammaring 29–30 Helsinki Corpus of British Texts 90, 92 hesitation devices 165 heuristics 234–6 high-frequency words 36–7, 41–2, 44–5, 50 high stakes testing 247–8 Hong Kong Corpus of Spoken English 92 hypercorrection 150 ideational function, of language 5 identity, influence on language 151, 198 idiolect 144 illocutionary force 271 immersion 6, 118–19, 243 inferencing 187 influential motivation 170–1 information processing model 112, 181 inhibitory control model 130–1 initiating-responding-follow up moves 61–2 input flooding/processing 29 instantial lexical meanings 65–6 instrumental orientation 171 integrative motive/orientation 171 interactional strategies 113–14, 165–6, 182–3 interlanguage 27–8, 115 see also psycholinguistics contamination, risk of 190 International Corpus of English (ICE) 92 International Corpus of Learner English (ICLE) 92 338 Index International English Language Testing Service (IELTS) 243 International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) 147–8 interpersonal function, of language 5 interpretation 166, 186 intonation 204–6 introspection studies 189–90 item difficulty 191, 256–7 keyword in context (KWIC) 98–9 keywords 43–4 L2 language acquisition 120–3, 272–3 behaviourism 110–11 cognitive psychology 111–12 connectionism 9, 27, 112–13 errors in 115, 119–20 focus of 108 and formulaic sequences 28 gestures, use of 135–6, 139, 165, 204 grammar, learning 27–9 immersion programmes 6 instruction, influence of 118–20 interactionist perspectives 113–14 L1, influence of 9, 115–17 language choice 128–9 language production models 125–31 language separation 128, 131 learners age of 109–10, 136, 151, 154–6, 161–2 developmental sequences 115–18 Monitor theory 6, 110 processability theory 113–14 psycholinguistic studies in 124–31 sociocultural theory, of language learning 8, 114, 169–70 theories of 8, 108–15 timing, of language production 129–30 Universal Grammar (UG) 5, 27, 108–10 Lancaster/Oslo-Bergen Corpus (LOB) 90–1 language see also L2 language acquisition; language assessment aptitude for 162 change (see sociolinguistics) chunks/multi-word units 12, 25, 200, 204, 210 as common denominator 1–2 competence vs. performance 8 functions of 5–6 historical development of 100 loyalty 145, 150 planning 149, 157 social factors, impact on (see sociolinguistics) teaching methods 3–4, 6–7, 11–14, 110 variation (see under sociolinguistics) language acquisition device (LAD) 109 language assessment 247–8, 264–7, 281–2 alternative assessment methods 259–64 advantages/disadvantages 263–4 observation 189, 259–60 outcomes-based assessment 264 portfolios 260–1 self-assessment 261–2 historical development 7 purposes of 247–8, 258 and teaching, influences and implications 258–62 by testing ability/performance constructs 249–51 analysis, quantitative 256–7 criteria for 7, 248–51 difficulty, concept of 256–7 direct/indirect 250–1 methods 253–4 for reading 254–6 social consequences of 258 specific/general purpose constructs 251–3 technology, use of 252–3 validity/validation 7, 248–9, 254–6, 258 for writing 243 washback studies 7, 258–9, 264 Language in the Workplace Project (LWP) 85 language production models 125–31 language threshold 223–4 language variation see under sociolinguistics learner strategies 12–13, 175–8 cognitive/meta-cognitive strategies 166–7, 186–7, 226–7 grammar 168 interactional strategies 113–14, 165–6, 182–3 language learning/language use strategies 164–5 listening 167–8, 186–7 made-to-measure strategies 172 motivation 169–75 reading 168, 226–7, 230–1, 279 social and affective strategies 166–7, 186–7, 226–7 speaking 168, 211–12 teaching methods for 173–5, 192–4 vocabulary 42–4, 168–9 writing 168 learners age of 109–10, 136, 151, 154–6, 161–2 gender 150–1, 154–6, 162 identity, and pragmatic performance 85–6 language aptitude 162 learning style preferences 162–4, 276–7 339 Index lemma 34–5, 126–7, 129 lexeme 126–7, 129 lexical access 129, 132–3 lexical bar 47–8 lexical density 55–6, 270 lexical patterning 7–8, 64–6 lexical phrases 25–6, 35 lexico-grammar 12, 25–6 lexis 25–6, 126–7 Download 1.71 Mb. 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