An Introduction to Old English Edinburgh University Press


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es
2
is
2
e¯os demon
this
2
e¯ow m
servant
2
ider, 
2
yder advb
whither
2
ing n
thing
2
inc
.
an 1
seem
2
onne advb
then
2
u¯ pron
thou
2
urh prep
through
2
us advb
thus
understandan VI
understand
unlagu f
crime
unriht n
wrong
unsidu m
vice
un
eeances advb
against the will
up prep
up
uppon prep
upon
we¯sten n
wilderness
wæ¯re see wesan
wæter n
water
weard advb
towards
weard f
guardian
wedbryc
.
m
oath-breaking
wel advb
well
wendan 1
go
weorc n
work
weor
eean III
become, be
wer
ee see weorean
wesan V, see also beon
be
wician 2
stay
wi
ee prep
with
OLD ENGLISH

PRESENT
-
DAY ENGLISH GLOSSARY
145
02 pages 001-166 29/1/03 16:09 Page 145


wı¯de advb
widely
wi
eeinnan advb
inside
g
.
ewi
eeu¯tan advb
outside
wı¯f n
woman
willa m
will
willan pr-pr
wish, want
witan pr-pr
know
wolde see willan
word n
word
worhtan see wyrc
.
an
worold f
world
woruldha¯d m
secular life
wrı¯tan I
write
wuldorfæder m
father of glory
g
.
ewundian 2
wound
wundor n
wonder
wundra see wundor
wynsum adj
joyful
wyrsa adj
worse
wyrc
.
an 1
do, make
yfel adj
evil
yfelian 2
worsen
ymbe prep
about
146
AN INTRODUCTION TO OLD ENGLISH
02 pages 001-166 29/1/03 16:09 Page 146


Glossary of linguistic terms
ablaut – the patterned variation of vowel sounds in relation to meaning in forms
of the same root; this variation may be in terms either of vowel quality or
of vowel duration; it is seen in present-day English in verbs such as sing ~
sang ~ sung.
accusative case – grammatical case usually exhibited by a noun phrase often
functioning as the direct object of the verb, and usually (but by no means
always) expressing semantically the goal or patient of the action that the verb
denotes.
active – see voice.
affix – prefix or suffix.
affixation – process of adding an affix.
agreement – formal relation between two elements, so the form of one element
is required to correspond with the form of the other.
allomorph – one of the variant pronunciations of a morpheme, among which
the choice is determined by context (phonological, grammatical or lexical).
For example, [z], [
ə
z] and [s] are phonologically determined allomorphs
of the plural suffix, occurring respectively in ‘cats’, ‘dogs’ and ‘horses’. A
morpheme with only one pronunciation is sometimes said to have only one
allomorph.
allophone – one or more phonetic variants of the same phoneme.
anacrusis – an introductory syllable at the beginning, and preceding, the
normal metrical scheme.
Anglo-Norman – the variety of French spoken by those who invaded England
at the time of the Norman Conquest, and their descendants.
aspect – the grammatical means which marks the duration or type of temporal
activity denoted by the verb; in English we find progressive (I am sleeping) and
perfective (I have slept) aspect.
auxiliary verb – a set of verbs which have primarily grammatical meaning and
which are associated with a following lexical verb; a subset of these verbs are
called in present-day English modal verbs, but it is not clear that such a subset
existed in Old English.
bahuvrihi – another term for exocentric, drawn from the terminology of
traditional Sanskrit grammarians.
02 pages 001-166 29/1/03 16:09 Page 147


borrowing – see loan word.
bound morphemebound allomorph – morpheme or allomorph that cannot
stand on its own as a word. A bound morpheme is one whose allomorphs are
all bound. See also free morpheme.
case – grammatical category expressing the relationship of a noun phrase to the
verb in its clause. See also nominativeaccusativegenitivedativeinstru-
mental.
cause – the element which is the source of the action or state expressed by the
verb.
Celtic – one of the branches of Indo-European, from which are descended,
amongst others, the present-day languages Breton, Irish Gaelic, Scots Gaelic
and Welsh.

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