Английского

§ 6. The essential grammatical features of the articles exposed in 
the above considerations and tests leave no room for misinterpreta-
tion at the final, generalising stage of analysis. 
The data obtained show that the English noun, besides the variable 
categories of number and case, distinguishes also the category of 
determination expressed by the article paradigm of three gram-
matical forms: the definite, the indefinite, the zero. The paradigm 
is generalised for the whole system of the common nouns, being 
transpositionally outstretched also into the system of proper nouns. 
Various cases of asymmetry in the realisation of this paradigm 
(such as the article determination of certain nouns of the types sin-
gularia tantum and pluralia tantum), similar to, and in connection 
with the expression of the category of number, are balanced by 
suppletive collocations. Cf.: 0 progress — a kind of progress, some 
progress — the progress; ø news — an item of news — the news, 
etc. 
The semi-notional determiners used with nouns in the absence of 
articles, expose the essential article meanings as in-built in their 
semantic structure. 
Thus, the status of the combination of the article with the noun 
should be defined as basically analytical, the article construction as 
such being localised by its segmental properties between the free 
syntactic combination of words (the upper bordering level) and the 
combination of a grammatical affix with a notional stem in the 
morphological composition of an indivisible word (the lower bor-
dering level). The article itself is a special type of grammatical 
auxiliary. 
CHAPTER X
VERB: GENERAL 
§ 1. Grammatically the verb is the most complex part of speech. 
This is due to the central role it performs in the expression of the 
predicative functions of the sentence, i.e. the functions establishing 
the connection between the situation (situational event) named in 
the utterance and reality. The complexity of the verb is inherent not 
only in the intricate structure of its grammatical categories, but also 
in its various subclass divisions, as well as in its falling into two 

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sets of forms profoundly different from each other: the finite set 
and the non-finite set. 
^' 
The complicated character of the grammatical and lexico-
grammatical structure of the verb has given rise to much dispute 
and controversy. However, the application of the principles of sys-
temic linguistic analysis to the study of this interesting sphere of 
language helps overcome many essential-difficulties in its theoreti-
cal description, and also a number of terminological disagreements 
among the scholars. This refers in particular to the fundamental re-
lations between the categories of tense and aspect, which have 
aroused of late very heated disputes.