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§ 5. The past participle is the non-finite form of the verb which 
combines the properties of the verb with those of the adjective, 
serving as the qualifying-processual name. The past participle is a 
single form, having no paradigm of its own. By way of the para-
digmatic correlation with the present participle, it conveys implic-
itly the categorial meaning of the perfect and the passive. As dif-
ferent from the present participle, it has no distinct combinability 
features or syntactic function features specially characteristic of the 
adverb. Thus, the main self-positional functions of the past 

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participle in the sentence are those of the attribute and the predica-
tive. Cf.: 
Moyra's softened look gave him a new hope. (Past participle at-
tributive front-position) The cleverly chosen timing of the attack 
determined the outcome of the battle. (Past participle attributive 
front-position) It is a face devastated by passion. (Past participle 
attributive back-position) His was a victory gained against all rules 
and predictions. (Past participle attributive back-position) Looked 
upon in this light, the wording of the will didn't appear so odious. 
(Past participle attributive detached position) The light is bright 
and inconveniently placed for reading. (Past participle predicative 
position) 
The past participle is included in the structural formation of the 
present participle (perfect, passive), which, together with the other 
differential properties, vindicates the treatment of this form as a 
separate verbid. 
In the attributive use, the past participial meanings of the perfect 
and the passive are expressed in dynamic correlation with the as-
pective lexico-grammatical character of the verb. As a result of this 
correlation, the attributive past participle of limitive verbs in a neu-
tral context expresses priority, while the past participle of unlimi-
tive verbs expresses simultaneity. E.g.: 
A tree broken by the storm blocked the narrow passage between 
the cliffs and the water. (Priority in the passive; the implication is 
"a tree that had been broken by the storm") I saw that the picture 
admired by the general public hardly had a fair chance with the 
judges. (Simultaneity in the passive; the implication is "the picture 
which was being admired by the public") 
Like the present participle, the past participle is capable of making 
up semi-predicative constructions of complex object, complex sub-
ject, as well as of absolute complex. 
The past participial complex object is specifically characteristic 
with verbs of wish and oblique causality (have, get). Cf.: 
I want the document prepared for signing by 4 p.m. Will you have 
my coat brushed up, please? 
Compare the use of the past; participial complex object 

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and the complex subject as its passive transform with a perception 
verb: 
We could hear a shot or two fired from a field mortar. → Л shot or 
two could be heard fired from a field mortar. 
The complex subject of this type, whose participle is included in 
the double predicate of the sentence, is used but occasionally. A 
more common type of the participial complex subject can be seen 
with notional links of motion and position. Cf.: We sank down and 
for a while lay there stretched out and exhausted. 
The absolute past participial complex as a rule expresses priority in 
the correlation of two events. Cf.: The preliminary talks completed, 
it became possible to concentrate on the central point of the 
agenda. 
The past participles of non-objective verbs are rarely used in inde-
pendent sentence-part positions; they are mostly included in phra-
seological or cliche combinations like faded photographs, fallen 
leaves, a retired officer, a withered flower, dream come true, etc. 
In these and similar cases the idea of pure quality rather than that 
of processual quality is expressed, the modifying participles show-
ing the features of adjectivisation. 
As is known, the past participle is traditionally interpreted as being 
capable of adverbial-related use (like the present participle), nota-
bly in detached syntactical positions, after the introductory subor-
dinative conjunctions. Cf.: 
Called up by the conservative minority, the convention failed to 
pass a satisfactory resolution. Though welcomed heartily by his 
host, Frederick felt at once that something was wrong. 
Approached from the paradigmatic point of view in the construc-
tional sense, this interpretation is to be re-considered. As a matter 
of fact, past participial constructions of the type in question display 
clear cases of syntactic compression. The true categorial nature of 
the participial forms employed by them is exposed by the corre-
sponding transformational correlations ("back transformations") as 
being not of adverbial, but of definitely adjectival relation. Cf.: 
...→ The convention, which was called up by the conservative mi-
nority, failed to pass a satisfactory resolution. ...→ Though he was 
welcomed heartily by his host, Frederick felt at once that some-
thing was wrong. 

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Cf. a more radical diagnostic transformational change of the latter 
construction: ...→ Frederick, who was welcomed heartily by his 
host, nevertheless felt at once that something was wrong. 
As is seen from the analysis, the adjectival relation of the past par-
ticiple in the quoted examples is proved by the near-predicative 
function of the participle in the derived transforms, be it even 
within the composition of the finite passive verb form. The adver-
bial uses of the present participle react to similar tests in a different 
way. Cf.: Passing on to the library, he found Mabel entertaining 
her guests. → As he passed on to the library, he found Mabel enter-
taining her guests. 
The adverbial force of the present participle in constructions like 
that is shown simply as resulting from the absence of obligatory 
mediation of be between the participle and its subject (in the deri-
vationally underlying units). 
As an additional proof of our point, we may take an adjectival con-
struction for a similar diagnostic testing. Cf.: Though red in the 
face, the boy kept denying his guilt. → Though he was red in the 
face, the boy kept denying his guilt. 
As we see, the word red, being used in the diagnostic concessive 
clause of complete composition, does not change its adjectival 
quality for an adverbial quality. Being red in the face would again 
present another categorial case. Being, as a present participial form, 
is in the observed syntactic conditions neither solely adjectival-
related, nor solely adverbial-related; it is by nature adjectival-
adverbial, the whole composite unity in question automatically be-
longing to the same categorial class, i.e. the class of present parti-
cipial constructions of different subtypes.