Animal anatomy, histology, pathological anatomy

OPTION TECHNIQUE
Anamnesis.Collected according to generally accepted rules. Anthrax is excluded from other diseases in which autopsies are prohibited.
External inspection.A general overview of the appearance of the corpse begins with identifying identifying features: type of animal, its gender (mare, stallion, gelding or horse), age (adult animal, groom, foal, etc.), breed, color and markings, signs, dimensions (body length and height), weight (light – up to 400 kg, medium – 400–600, heavy – over 600 kg).
Age.Determined by the teeth of a corpse after removal of the oral cavity organs and separation of the lower jaw (in case of pronounced rigor of the corpse). In newborns, toes are present or appear (upper ones first) at the age of 1–2 weeks; upper and lower hooks – in 1–4 weeks; toes and middle incisors (upper and lower) – at 1–5 months; hooks, middle incisors and edges - at 5–9 months. Hooks lose cups at 1.5 years; Change of holds occurs in 2–2.5 years; first and second premolars – at 3 years; middle incisors - 3.5; edges - at 4.5 years; fangs (in males) - at 4.5–5 years. There is no arch on the lower jaw at 6 years old. There is a brown star on the toes, the arches on the middle incisors of the lower jaw disappear at the age of 7 years. There is no arch on the margins of the lower jaw; a star appears on the middle incisors and margins of the upper jaw at 8 years of age. There are no dental cups on the hooks of the upper jaw; a large star appears on the incisors of the lower jaw at the age of 9 years. There are no dental cups on the middle incisors of the upper jaw at 10 years of age. No dental cups on all incisors at 11 years old. The transverse oval shape of the chewing surface of the teeth is characteristic of the age of 11–12 years; round – 12–15; triangular – 15–18; back – oval – over 18 years old.
Suit.Depending on the color of horses, colors are distinguished: black - with a uniform black color of the mane, body and tail; brown, brown (light chestnut, reddish), brown - solid brown color; mu r u g a - reddish-brown or brown-black; red – solid yellow color; gray – a uniform combination of white and black hair (including apple gray, buckwheat gray, white); bay – dark red or body dark or light brown, mane and tail black; dun - light yellow or yellow body, black mane and tail; The word is yellowish with a light tail; s and v a i - dark gray, dark gray with a bluish tint; b a r a i - motley with dark spots, small black, brown, red spots are scattered on the light coat or on the white body, or white spots are scattered on the dark body; p e g a i – two-color, with large white spots scattered throughout the main color (black, red); ch a l a i - gray with an admixture of another color.
Pay attention to the presence of special signs. In horses, they are often observed on the head and limbs. On the head: gray hair on the forehead; white star (small white spot); a star with a dent (a white spot with a stripe along the back of the nose); bald spot (large white spot on the forehead and along the back of the nose). The limbs are white at the rim, in stockings (white color up to the shin above). In addition, gray hair is found in the mane, groin and other areas of the body with long hair.
Determination of cadaveric changes.Postmortem changes are determined: cooling of the corpse; rigor mortis; stains and signs of decomposition.
Assess the quality of the hair, the condition of the skin itself (color, thickness, elasticity, various damage, etc.) after removing it and examining it from the subcutaneous tissue and making incisions (in the presence of a rash, swelling, hyperemia or hemorrhages, intravital emphysema, tumors, etc. .d.). Pay attention to the condition of the corolla and crumbs (bull midges), hooves (correct shape, trimming, shoeing). If necessary, trim the hooves, saw the shoe into two equal parts in the longitudinal direction, especially with penetrating wounds, rheumatic inflammation of the hooves, etc.
The condition of natural orifices (eyes, mouth, nose, ears, anus, external genitalia) is examined.
Superficially located lymph nodes (mandibular, prescapular, inguinal) are examined by making incisions. In horses, lymph nodes form packets consisting of individual nodes. Their size, consistency, color, degree of blood filling are noted; the state of each node and the package as a whole.
When examining the skeletal muscles, incisions are made along the muscle fibers, nuchal ligament (onchocerciasis), withers (pumps), scapula, massetores and croup (myoglobinuria), lumbar muscles (white muscle disease).
Check the condition of bones, ligaments, tendons and joints.