Animal anatomy, histology, pathological anatomy

6

3.2	Training materials for practical classes	127
3.3	Teaching materials for laboratory classes	158
3.4	Self-education materials	181
3.5	Glossary on the subject (in Uzbek, Russian, English)	185
IV	Questions for certifications conducted in the subject:	192
4.1	Oral questions for 1 PC (120 pcs)	192
4.2	Oral questions for 2 PCs (120 pcs)	195
4.3	Oral questions for IR (300 pcs)	198
4.4	Written questions for 1 PC (150pcs)	207
4.5	Written questions for 2 PCs (150pcs)	211
4.6	Written questions for IR (500 pcs)	216
4.7	Test questions for 1 PC (200pcs)	230
4.8	Test questions for 2 PCs (200pcs)	261
4.9	Test questions for IR (500 pcs)	291
V	Assessment criteria for the subject	369
VI	Discipline handouts	370
VII	Electronic version of the educational complex	399

1. 
   SUBJECT CURRICULUM
   

2. 
   WORK PROGRAM OF THE SUBJECT
   

III. BASIC TRAINING MATERIALS FOR THE DISCIPLINE:
3.1. TRAINING MATERIALS FOR LECTURE CLASSES

Lecture-1History and development of the subject Pathological anatomy, autopsy and veterinary forensic examination. Death.

Plan:

1. Contents, sources and research methods of the science of pathological morphology.

2. A brief history of the science of pathological anatomy.

3. Deaths and post-mortem changes.

Keywords:morphology,death, corpse, rigor, decomposition, decay, autolysis, imbibition.

1).Pathological anatomy - in a sick body. Morphological changes in the formation and development of the study of science. Pathological anatomy of the disease and in accordance with the nature of the morphological, cellular, tissue and organs teaches that there are microscopic changes. The sum of pathological anatomy and pathological gistologiyaning pathological morphology. Pathological morphology - veterinary medicine is one of the main disciplines in this field. This science, biology, biophysics, histology, anatomy, physiology and biochemistry is closely related to science. Thus, the pathological morphology of the patient with the knowledge of the animal complex that the pathological morphological changes resulting from this disease during the study. Pathological study of morphology in the main factual material base of the dead through women speak. In addition, the practice of veterinary diagnostic or research purposes of different stages of the disease, including animals, is forced to suyiladi. Pathomorphology methods analyze from each patient, the patient split as a result of all pathological processes of the body, in pathological - anatomical, histological observations, gistoximik and other original methods are combined. Pathological and morphological methods for determining the accuracy of disease diagnosis, treatment, and intentional in determining the slaughter of property through the investigative authorities. As a result, pathological morphology of the public and private scientific department of pathological morphology was studied. 2). The history of pathological anatomy and pathological morphology of many clinical disciplines, such as science, is a very ancient history. According to some sources, the Greek physician Galen in the second century AD through the body of a dead animal, anatomy, physiology, and learned some of the pathological changes. However, through the body, in accordance with the long-term temporary ban on religious beliefs, there was already a pathological independent science barrier. In the sixteenth century, a number of Western European countries, through those passenger doctors, allowed scientific research to be carried out. The science of anatomy and various pathological morphologies to collect material for the possibilities. In the mid-18th century, an Italian scientist named Morgani wrote, "The causes and places of diseases have been discovered by anatomists." The work after the advent of pathological anatomy took shape from an independent science. In recent years, the natural sciences, as well as the development of pathological anatomy, have been occupied in a strong position. Departments of pathological anatomy were opened in Berlin, Paris, and then in Moscow and St. Petersburg. Virchow developed the theory of cellular pathology. In the second half of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century, Germany, Great Kitty, Jost were the main pathological manual writers In 1755, the first department of pathological anatomy was opened at Moscow University, as well as students and teachers F. Ibodullayev veterinarian Distributed throughout Central Asia in the field of agriculture, farm animals and diseases studied in detail. In particular, young animals colibackterious (Yu.N.Shevchenko), chuchkalar erysipelas (B.Avakyan), sheep (A.Abdusattarov pneumonia), mixed bacterial infections of lambs (read B.Elmurodov). 3). Death and death are due to changes in the body's formation. The body's vital functions, the first of all stops of breathing, the cardiac activity of the body, die Colin, stops. There are many such reasons. That is, why the study of the body, and life tuo'imalar activity gradually threw him to go to another place to identify all the mechanisms of tanotologiya engaged in science. There are several types of death maajud: natural, important, biological, clinical and causes death by a case of natural death - this is quite rare. This type of death in very old animals the body's tissue functions will permanently cease due to this situation. Zurab's death - intentionally or not, in any case, and the giraffe's actions that arise as a result. Animals such feldspar death because people meat products to meet the demand for all kinds of experiments to slaughter. Clinical death - breathing and blood circulation stopped. At the same time, the body will reach a minimum level of activity and life, capable of being within reach of relative death for a maximum of 7-8 minutes. At the same time, comprehensive measures are taken, the body can be restored alive, breathing and blood circulation. Death of biological activities, stopped to complete the physiological processes of the body. Biological death, all parts of the body rushed with loss. Death is difficult posture, the following changes will occur. These symptoms will be of great importance for the time from his death anikdashda clinical signs and death. Clinical go into the body cools the body after death, hardened spots and rot. The body cools down very quickly, at the same temperature as the body's ambient temperature. Generally, the environment temperature is 18-20°C warm temperature, the body of the decrease is 1°C per hour. However, this may change depending on the circumstances. The body and hardening of the muscles under, and when the joints are characterized by harakatsizlanishi. After the corpse of death, all the muscles are soft, soft products. After 2-4 hours, signs of hardening begin. After the first jaw muscles, the muscles of the body and legs are hardened. Reverse the process in the same way. The body weight of blood stains is that it is a matter of power in the body and organs in the basic components of the flow, and the hypostasis of the guardians. This lower part of the body's skin appears, usually 3-6 hours after death. In most rural areas, farm animal hypostases can only be formed after skin and care, because the skin is pigmented and covered with thick hair. Innee of different spots, depending on the origin of the spots, who looked at another, hypostasis and imbibitsiya. Edema sees death countdown 3-6 hours. A strong decrease in the blood vessels of the arteries and veins of the blood vessels in the quyladi and flows down its own weight and will play in various forms of spots. Imbibitsiya stain from the blood of plasma and a hail of critical remarks syuqliklarini of power Acquisition of 8-10 hours as a result of complex formation. Decomposing body tissue autoliz processes and in connection with decomposing body. Autoliz of cells after the death of proteolotik bezsimon organs that are rich in enzymes (eg stomach, pancreas, liver, etc.) begins earlier and is more severe. Irish production from various acids: (Valeria, kaxrabo, vinegar, oxalic, water-soluble compounds), amines, amino acids, lactic acid, piropion and other gases (methane, ammonia, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, serovodorod and its parents etilmerkapton methyl mercaptone - badksids). Cools the body, and to color the dead for a while, depending on which one you can identify. How the body during the rapid mode of death in this case indicates that legal inspections. The color of the coagulation indicates how long the agony has already been going on. Body spot that will play in cattle killed during suyilganmi or dead suyilganligini aniqdaydi, which is gushtning vetsanekspertizasi

Death- irreversible cessation of vital functions of the body.
The process of dying is called agony. There is a distinction between clinical and biological death. Conventionally, the moment of clinical death is considered to be the cessation of cardiac activity. After the cessation of all vital functions of the body, biological death occurs. Postmortem changes occur.
1. Cooling the corpse. At 18-20 degrees Celsius, the corpse cools by one degree every hour.
2. Rigor mortis. 2-4 hours (sometimes earlier) after clinical death, smooth and striated muscles contract somewhat and become dense. The greatest degree of rigor is observed after 24 hours and persists for 1-2 days. Rigor of the heart muscle occurs 1-2 hours after death. In the mechanism of rigor mortis, the importance of two factors has been established. During the post-mortem breakdown of glycogen, a large amount of lactic acid is formed and the amount of adenosine triphosphoric acid decreases, and this causes the loss of elastic properties of the muscles.
3. Cadaveric spots arise due to changes in the state of the blood and its redistribution after death. The first stage is the formation of cadaveric hypostases, which occur 3-5 hours after death. The second stage is hypostatic imbibition (impregnation). The spots have indistinct outlines, and when cut, it is not blood that flows out, but sanguineous tissue fluid (as opposed to hemorrhages).
4. Corpse decomposition and rotting. In dead organs and tissues, autolytic processes develop, called decomposition, and are caused by the action of the dead organism’s own enzymes. The decomposition is then accompanied by rotting of the corpse caused by the action of microorganisms. Hydrogen sulfide, when interacting with hemoglobin, forms iron sulfide and a dirty greenish color of tissue appears - corpse green. The soft tissues swell, soften and turn into a gray-green mass, often riddled with gas bubbles (cadaveric emphysema).