Applied Speech and Audio Processing: With matlab examples
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Applied Speech and Audio Processing With MATLAB Examples ( PDFDrive )
3.3. Speech understanding
53 Figure 3.5 Effect of contextual information on the intelligibility of speech. Contextual information is also provided in other ways which may be situational, or may be through shared knowledge between two communicating parties. Redundancy, in which information is imparted in more ways than would normally be necessary, has effects similar to contextual constraint. Redundancy may be provided in the form of over-complex sentences in which the role of a single word is limited, by context, to a very small set of choices. In this way, the extra information given in the sentence should enable complete understanding even if some words were lost. A simple example would be the repetition of important words such as ‘It is a green car. The green car is now turning.’ Redundancy may also be achieved by the use of longer phrases of words or descrip- tions, such as the use of ‘alpha bravo foxtrot’ instead of spelling out ‘ABF’ (these anti- abbreviations are from the NATO phonetic alphabet). Such redundancy reduces the chance that a short interruption to the audio (perhaps interference during transmission) would obliterate the entire meaning of the word. A measurement of the effects of contextual information on understanding is ex- tremely difficult to quantify and is, of course, highly subjective. It is also entirely dep- endent upon the testing method, and the method of information removal necessary to conduct the tests. However some comparisons may be useful. Figure 3.5 attempts to illustrate this by plotting the percentage of correctly identified digits, syllables or words spoken in the presence of the given degree of background noise [11]. Although the shorter digit words are relatively more likely to be corrupted by noise than the predominantly longer uncon- strained words, the extremely limited set of possible choices involved (as the listeners knew they were only listening for digits) means that even a corrupted digit may be guessed with some accuracy. |
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