Applied Speech and Audio Processing: With matlab examples
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Applied Speech and Audio Processing With MATLAB Examples ( PDFDrive )
Speech communications
Figure 5.20 Timing diagram for forward–backward CELP encoder and decoder processing. consider the basic CELP timing structure as shown in Figure 5.19. It can clearly be seen that speech has to be gathered (buffered), then analysed for gain, LPC and LTP parameters, before these are used in the lengthy codebook search loop. Once this is complete, the previously determined parameters, and codebook index can be output for transmission. The decoder receives these, uses them to synthesise speech, which it then outputs. Quite clearly, the latency from input to output is dominated by the codebook search loop. By contrast the forward–backward CELP structure, illustrated in Figure 5.20 manages to perform the codebook search in parallel with the speech buffering. This is an interesting concept, only possible because the encoder uses the gain, LPC and LTP parameters found in the previous speech frame for the synthesis part of the encoder. The diagram clearly illustrates the significant reduction in processing latency that this provides. Note that the actual amount of processing is unchanged – it is just organised differently so that the output speech can be made available earlier. In practice, if latency was a particular issue, the frame size would be reduced to 20 ms and a system of overlapping frames used (with half of each analysis frame already having been collected earlier, the buffering delay is reduced). 5.5 Summary This chapter presented a survey of the main techniques in speech communications – primarily related to the quantisation of the speech signal, and the trade-offs that this in- volves in terms of quality and computational complexity. Both time-domain waveform quantisation and parameterisation were discussed, before a presentation of pitch mod- elling and extraction techniques. Finally, the important and pragmatic audio engineering subject of analysis-by-synthesis was explored. Next, the major remaining methods of audio analysis (that have not already been covered) will be presented in Chapter 6, before Chapter 7 rounds off with advanced |
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