Аракин 4 курс полностью

first, second, 
etc.;
next, finally, eventually, furthermore, meanwhile; because of, 
for; as, and since; thus, therefore, as a result, and so; at the same time, but; and (in 
order) to, so (that); and for, yet, nevertheless, nonetheless, however; whereas, while; 
on the other hand; in contrast, unlike; similary, also, too, both; obviously; 
etc
.
In essay writing the following hints concerning the language may be helpful:
— restrictions upon the vocabulary. Words and phrases labelled colloquial, familiar, 
vulgar, slang are excluded as inappropriate. Abbreviations, contracted verbal forms, 
colloquial abbreviations of words (such as ad, vac, exam, etc.) should not be used;
— preference should be given to concrete words rather than abstract (instead of walk — 
more specific stroll, shuffle, trot, etc.);
— wider use of phrasal verbs should be made;
— overused adjectives, adverbs, cliches should be avoided;
— idioms should be used with care;
— features of academic style should be preserved: lengthier and more complex 
paragraphs; the approach to the material is analytical, objective, intellectual, polemical; 
the academic writer's tone is serious, impersonal, formal rather than conversational, 
personal, colloquial; the academic writer makes frequent

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Практический курс английского языка. 4 курс под ред. В.Д. Аракина
270 
use of passive forms of the verbs; impersonal pronouns and phrases; complex sentence 
structures; specialized vocabulary; — one must be aware that there are differences in 
style and usage between disciplines and topics set. 
A model paragraph development by contrast: 
BRITISH AND AMERICAN UNIVERSITIES 
British and American universities are similar in their pursuit of knowledge as a goal 
but are quite different in their organization and operation.
English universities and colleges, because of their selective intake, are relatively 
small. American universities, which combine a number of different colleges and 
professional schools, are large, sometimes with 20,000 to 25,000 students on one campus. 
Teacher training colleges and polytechnics are alternatives to the university course for 
some students in England, being established for specific purposes. In contrast, virtually 
all schools of education, engineering and business studies, are integral parts of 
universities in the United States. In England universities receive about 70% of their 
financial support through Parliamentary grants. Similarly, in the United States, public in-
stitutions receive about 75% of their funds from local, state, and federal sources, but 
private colleges and universities receive little or no government support. In England, 
personal financial aid is provided by the government to over 80% of the students through 
local educational authorities according to the parents' income. In the US student's aid is 
administered by the university or the sponsoring agency and is provided by private orga-
nizations and the state or federal governments. Obviously British and American 
universities have similar educational aims but different means of achieving those aims. 
14. Buzz group — small groups of 3-5 persons to enact a simultaneous discussion of a 
motion. Each group has to work out and note down all possible arguments in favour of its 
motion including defences against points that might be brought up by the opposition. It 
also has to work out the presentation of this material (who will put which argument and 
how), using every member of the group. The result of the discussion within a buzz group 
is to be reported by one of its members to the whole group.

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Практический курс английского языка. 4 курс под ред. В.Д. Аракина
271 
 

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Практический курс английского языка. 4 курс под ред. В.Д. Аракина
272