Authors: Hashim Orta Adaw
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coll. - Gaahmg Consonant & Vowel Book-Sudan Workshop Programme (2015)
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vowel iiii instead of yyyy.
The word nyaang nyaang nyaang
nyaang ‘crocodile’ is in each of the sentences below.
(1) Nyaa Nyaa Nyaa
Nyaang ng ng ng een tu. There is a crocodile. (2) Jaan leen e nyaa nyaa
nyaa nyaang
ng ng ngeeee. The person came with a crocodile. (3) Nyaa
Nyaa Nyaa
Nyaang ng ng ngaaaa wedan. The crocodile is good. (4) Nyaa Nyaa
Nyaa Nyaang
ng ng ngeeg eeg eeg
eeg egen tu. There are crocodiles (more than one).
In (1), nyaang nyaang nyaang
nyaang means ‘a crocodile’. In (2), the final letter ––––e e e e on nyaang nyaang
nyaang nyaangeeee means ‘with a crocodile’. In (3), the final letter ––––aaaa on nyaang nyaang
nyaang nyaangaaaa means ‘the crocodile’. In (4), the –eeg eeg eeg
eeg on nyaang nyaang nyaang
nyaangeeg eeg
eeg eeg means ‘more than one crocodile’. The consonant ng ng ng
nyaa nyaa
nyaang ng ng ng does not change in any of these sentences.
The words below can take the place of nyaang nyaang nyaang
nyaang in sentences (1-4) above. The consonant llll at the end of laa laa laa
laallll ‘pumpkin type’ does not change in any of the sentences with letters added to laal laal laal
laal. The consonant m m m m at the end of kaa kaa
kaa kaam
m m m ‘nyala’ does not change either.
(1) a . . . (2) with a . . . (3) the . . . (4) more than one . . . ng ng ng ng nyaang ng ng ng nyaang
ng ng nge nyaang ng ng nga nyaang
ng ng ngeeg crocodile llll
laallll laalllle laalllla laalllleeg pumpkin type m m m m kaam m m
kaam m m me kaam
m m ma kaam m m mg nyala
The words below can also take the place of nyaang nyaang nyaang
nyaang in sentences (1-4) above. The vowels a, ah, a, ah, a, ah,
a, ah, u, e, o, i u, e, o, i u, e, o, i u, e, o, i at the end of words do not change in any of the sentences.
(1) a . . . (2) with a . . . (3) the . . . (4) more than one . . . aaaa waayaaaaa waayaaaaane waayaaaaan waayaaaaag bird type ah ah ah ah buah ah ah
buah ah ah ahni buah
ah ah ahn buah ah ah ahg tree type uuuu buuuuu buuuuuni buuuuun buuuuug
roof for chickens eeee reeeee reeeeene reeeeen
reeeeeg cotton
oooo tooooo tooooone tooooon toooog
cow iiii
jiiiii jiiiiini jiiiiin jiiiiig
turkey - 19 -
The words below can also take the place of nyaang nyaang nyaang
nyaang in sentences (1-4) above. The consonants w, y w, y w, y
w, y and the vowel i i i i at the end of words do not change in any of the sentences.
Correct (Consonants w, y w, y w, y
w, y and vowel i i i i after vowels)
(1) a . . . (2) with a . . . (3) the . . . (4) more than one . . . w w w w maaw w w w maaw
w w wne maaw w w wan maaw
w w weeg gazelle
daw w w w daw
w w wne daw w w wan daw
w w weeg monkey
ceew w w w ceew
w w wne ceew w w wan ceew
w w waag lame person
bew w w w bew
w w wne bew w w wan bew
w w wg type of tree yyyy kaayyyy kaayyyyne kaayyyyan kaayyyyeeg witch doctor
tayyyy
tayyyyne tayyyyan tayyyyg giraffe
iiii nyuiiii nyuiiiini nyuiiiin nyuiiiig leopard
muiiii muiiiini muiiiin muiiiig
wildebeest
We don’t spell these words with oooo,,,, eeee or u u u u at the end. For example we don’t spell maa maa maa
maaoooo (wrong) ‘gazelle’ with the vowel o o o
eeg eeg
eeg for more than one gazelle, there are too many vowels together maa maa maa
maaooooeeg eeg
eeg eeg (wrong) ‘gazelles’. Also, there is the sound of the letter w w w w in this word, so we should write maa maa
maa maaw
w w weeg eeg eeg
eeg ‘gazelles’ with a w
w w w. However, when we add the letter –gggg for more than one leopard, there are not too many vowels together ny ny ny nyuuuuiiiig g g g ‘leopards’ (correct). After a, o, e a, o, e
a, o, e a, o, e we write w w w
not o, u, e, o, u, e,
o, u, e, o, u, e, iiii). After ah, u ah, u ah, u
ah, u we write iiii (and not yyyy).
Wrong (1) a . . . (2) with a . . . (3) the . . . (4) more than one . . . maaoooo maaoooone maaooooan maaooooeeg gazelle daoooo
daoooone daooooan daooooeeg monkey
ceeoooo ceeoooone ceeooooan ceeooooaag lame person beoooo
beoooone beooooan beoooog type of tree kaaeeee kaaeeeene kaaeeeean kaaeeeeeeg witch doctor taeeee
taeeeene taeeeean taeeeeg giraffe
nyuyyyy nyuyyyyni nyuyyyyn nyuyyyyg leopard muyyyy
muyyyyni muyyyyn
muyyyyg wildebeest
We write a word the same way in every sentence. That is, we don’t write a word with a consonant in one sentence, and with a vowel in another sentence. For example, the words maa maa maa
maaw w w w ‘gazelle’ and maa maa
maa maaw
w w weeg eeg eeg
eeg ‘gazelles’ have the same meaning except that maa
maa maa
maaw w w weeg eeg
eeg eeg is more than one. So, we should write these words with the same letter w w w
Readers may think the words have different meaning if we write oooo in maa maa
maa maaoooo ‘gazelle’ and w w
w in maa maa
maa maaw
w w weeg eeg eeg
eeg ‘gazelles’....
The word nyam nyam nyam
nyam ‘break’ is in each of the sentences below. The consonant m m m m at the end of nya
nya nya
nyam m m m does not change in any of these sentences. In commands to more than one person, there are always two consonants in the middle, such as md md md
nyah nyah
nyahmd md md mdah ah
ah ah ‘break’ of sentence (7).
- 20 -
Infinitive (5) Jaan e doos e nya nya
nya nyam
m m m jeg. The person began to break something. Command
(6) Jaa, nya nya
nya nyam
m m m jeg! Person, break something! Command Plural (7) Jog, nyah nyah nyah
nyahm m m mddddah ah ah ah jeg! People, break something! Subjunctive (8) Jaan leen a nya nya nya
nyam m m mda da da da jeg. Person comes in order to break s.t. Completive (9) Jaan nya nya nya
nyam m m msa sa sa sa jeg kayn. The person broke something yesterday. Continuous Past (10) Jaan nya nya
nya nyam
m m mǎǎǎǎnnnn jeg kayn. The person continues to break s.t. yest.
The words below can take the place of nyam nyam nyam
nyam in sentences (5-10) above. The consonant ny ny ny ny at the end of gu gu gu
ny ny ny ‘agree’ does not change in any of the sentences with letters added to guny guny
guny guny. The consonant llll at the end of ma ma ma
(5) Inf (6) Comd (7) Comd Pl (8) Subj (9) Comp (10) Cont m m m m nyam m m
m m m nyahm m m mdah nyam
m m mda nyam m m msa nyam m m man break
ny ny ny ny guny ny ny ny guny
ny ny nyu guny ny ny nydu guny
ny ny nydu guny ny ny nysu guny ny ny nyahn agree
llll mallll
mallll mahlllldah mallllda mallllda mallllan gather
The words below can also take the place of nyam nyam nyam
nyam in sentences (5-10) above. The consonants w, y w, y w, y
w, y at the end of words do not change in any of the sentences.
Correct (Consonants w, y w, y w, y
w, y and vowel i i i i after vowels)
(5) Inf (6) Comd (7) Comd Pl (8) Subj (9) Comp (10) Cont
w w w w law w w w law w w wna lahw
w w ww w w wah law w w ww w w wa law
w w wsa law w w wǎn move fast
dhiw
w w w dhiw w w w dhiw
w w wdah dhiw w w wdah dhiw w w wsah dhiw
w w wǎhn plow, plant yyyy koyyyy koyyyyna kuyyyyyyyyu koyyyyda koyyyyso koyyyyǎn cook
iiii buiiii buiiiinah buyyyyyyyyu buiiiidah buiiiisah buiiiinǎhn cultivate
We don’t spell these words with o o o o or eeee at the end. That is, we don’t spell llllaaaaoooo (wrong) ‘move fast’ with the vowel o o o o at the end. When we add the letters ----ǎǎǎǎnnnn for continuous action, there are too many vowels together in llllaaaaooooǎǎǎǎnnnn (wrong) ‘move fast’. Also, there is the sound of the letter w w w w in this word, so we should write llllaaaaw w w wǎǎǎǎnnnn ‘move fast’ with a w w w w. However, when we add –nnnnǎn ǎn ǎn
bu bu buyyyy ‘cultivate’, there are not too many vowels together bu bu bu buiiiinnnnǎn ǎn ǎn ǎn ‘cutivating’ (correct). On the other hand, we write commands to more than one person with two yy yy yy
yy yy yyu ‘cultivate!’). The double consonant yy yy yy yy helps to separate the vowels.
Wrong (5) Inf (6) Comd (7) Comd Pl (8) Subj (9) Comp (10) Cont
laoooo laoooona lahuuuuuuuuah laooooooooa laoooosa laooooǎn move fast dhiuuuu dhiuuuu
dhiuuuudah dhiuuuudah dhiuuuusah dhiuuuuǎhn plow, plant koeeee koeeeena kuii iiii
iiu koeeeeda koeeeeso koeeeeǎn cook buyyyy buyyyynah buii
iiii iiu
buyyyydah buyyyysah buyyyynǎhn cultivate
After a, o, e a, o, e a, o, e
a, o, e we write w w w w or yyyy (and not o, u, e, o, u, e,
o, u, e, o, u, e, iiii). But after ah, u ah, u ah, u
ah, u we write iiii (and not yyyy) unless doubled in a plural command (bu bu bu
yy yy yyuuuu ‘cultivate!’). After ah, i ah, i ah, i
ah, i we write w w w w (and not uuuu).
- 21 - Spelling Rule Spelling Rule Spelling Rule Spelling Rule 3: 3: 3: 3: ((((3333a) a) a)
a, o, e a, o, e
a, o, e write yyyy or w w w w and not e, i e, i
e, i e, i, o, u o, u o, u
o, u. (3b
(3b (3b
(3b) ) ) ) After ah, u ah, u
ah, u ah, u write iiii and not yyyy, unless doubled in a plural command (bu bu bu
yy yy yyuuuu ‘cultivate!’) (3 (3 (3 (3c) c)
c) c) After ah, i ah, i ah, i
ah, i write w w w w and not uuuu.
Below are more words with w, y w, y
w, y w, y, i
, i , i
, i after vowels. In ccccaaaaw w w wrrrr ‘hare’, we write w w w w after aaaa (and not oooo). In kkkkaaaayyyynnnn ‘yesterday’, we write yyyy after aaaa (and not eeee). In tah tah tah
tahiiiillll ‘tree type’, we write iiii after ah
ah ah ah (and not yyyy). In kah kah kah
kahw w w wrjah rjah
rjah rjah ‘tree type’, we write w w w
ah ah ah (and not uuuu). Consonants w, y w, y w, y
w, y and vowel iiii after vowels
Correct Wrong w w w w caw w w
hare caoooor
hare
daw w w wd fertile soil daooood fertile soil
dhew
w w wl jackal dheooool jackal
tew w w ws sorghum seed type teoooos sorghum seed type
aw
w wrg
priest, chief aoooorg
priest, chief
kaw w w wda ear wax
kaooooda ear wax
lew
w w wda animal leooooda animal yyyy kayyyyn yesterday kaeeeen
yesterday
kayyyyd cup, spoon kaeeeed cup, spoon
goyyyyn
metal worker goeeeen
metal worker
tayyyyda strainer taeeeeda strainer
foyyyyda planting seed foeeeeda planting seed iiii tahiiiil tree type tahyyyyl tree type
dahiiiid scorpion dahyyyyd scorpion
kuiiiir leaf for mats kuyyyyr
leaf for mats
ahiiiild cold, sickness ahyyyyld cold, sickness w w w w kahw w w
tree type kahuuuurjah tree type
gahw w w wldaah fish
gahuuuuldaah fish
gahw
w w wrd stomach pouch gahuuuurd stomach pouch
In summary, we have the following spelling rule with three parts: Exercise 9
Carefully read and say each test word below. The bold bold bold
bold letter in each test word may or may not be written correctly. Write the word correctly in the space given. The first one is done as an example.
Test Word Write correctly Test Word Write correctly ruyyyyd dirt
ruiiiid boyyyydaa tree type ___________________
mahyyyyd old person ___________________ fandaoooomo upward, in front of ___________________
taoooor
lizard ___________________
gaahiiii illiterate, can’t read ___________________
- 22 - buiiiil
fog ___________________
koeeee
rain ___________________
bayyyyl
grass ___________________
kuyyyydahg welcome ___________________
taw
w w w up ___________________
ahyyyyld cold, sickness ___________________
rahiiii
late ___________________
kayyyyma good luck stone ___________________
uuiiii
squirrel ___________________
muguuiiii burning wood ___________________
gahw
w w wldaah fish ___________________
gaaeeee
tree name ___________________
fahiiii
strength ___________________
fuuiiii
male ___________________
baaw
w w w father ___________________
boyyyy
fat ___________________
baeeee
jug ___________________
aayyyy
honey ___________________
The The
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