Based pronunciation standards of English

15) Transcription and transliteration. Types of transcription.
Sounds are indicated in writing by means of transcription
Transcription- script used for representing phonetic forms of the word. Transcription is used for correct pronunciation.
Transliteration- writing a word of one language in the letters of some other language. Transliteration differs from transcription: it is simpler and may use additional symbols (bath – бат).
There 2 types of transcription.
/ / Phonemic (broad) – is intended to contain as many symbols as are necessary to represent a particular language system without ambiguity. It represents the distinctive sounds of the lang. It doesn’t show the final points of pronunciation, so certain convention have to be learned.
[ ] Phonetic (narrow) – uses diacritical marks, symbols, which help to understand how to pronounce the word. P(h)in. h- shows aspiration, i. – the vowel is slightly lengthed, n.- any final voiced cons is devoicened in word final position, e –indicates diphtongisation.
16)Phonostylistics: The components of extralinguistic situation; The factors which result in phonostylistic varieties.
Styles of pronunciation have much in common with territorial varieties, but they are connected with phonostylistics.
A person doesn’t always pronounce the same words in the same way. The pronunciation of the same person may be different on different occasions. The ways of pronouncing words are called the styles of pronunciation. D. Jones classified pronouncing styles Iin the following manner: 1) rapid familiar style 2) slower colloquial style 3) natural style used in addressing a fair-sized audience 4) the acquired style of the stage 5) the acquired style in singing. There is no indication of characteristic features of each style, nor is any principle given to distinguish one style from another. Some authors confuse styles of pronunciation with literary style. Avanessov distinguishes the following styles: 1) common colloquial 2) poetic 3) academic 4) style of public address 5) low colloquial. The author remarks that no distinct phonetic features of the styles can be quoted.
The distinctive feature acc to Shcherba is the degree of carefulness with which words are pronounced. He differs the full style and the colloquial style. Full style is characterized by moderately slow tempo and careful pronunciation. The words are pronounced in their full form without vowel reduction and loss of consonants. It acquires the pronunciation efforts without unnecessary assimilation. Colloquial style differs from full style in tempo and cleanness. The peculiarities of the coll style differ in every language. In US classification the most essential features that differentiate the styles are emphasized: careful coll style – is characterized by obligatory assimilations, it may have subdivisions in tempo. Careless coll style – free use of unobligatory assimilations.
The 2 styles of English pronunciation are distinguished by the use of strong forms in full style and weak forms in coll style. The careful and the careless coll style differ in the degree of carefulness and tempo. In Russian in careless coll style the words are shortened. Names, numerals and patronimics ares sometimes shortened beyond recognition.
The components of extralinguistic situation. 1) Purpose. The purpose directs the activities of the participants throughout the situation to complete task. We choose language means acc to the general type of activities we are involved. If we know the topic it’ll easier for us to choose words. 2) Participants. The society is subdivided into classes and social groups. Every social group has its social dialects and accents. Sex/age differences, cultural habits and intelligence influence the choice of the language means. Age – is associated with the role structure, with the assignment of authority and status. Old people speak and are spoken to in a different way. Sex. There is a tendency for women to produce more standard and correct speech. Emotional state of the speaker at the moment of speech. 3) Setting – physical orientation of the speakers. It involves the activity the participants are involved: public-private, personal- impersonal, polite-casual, high-cultured- low-cultured.
The factors that result in phonostylistic varieties. 1) The aim/purpose of the utterance – the subject matter determines the lexical item. The speaker selects a number of functional phonetic means with the purpose of making the realization of the aim more effective. 2) The speaker’s attitude. When you find yourself in the situation you have to express you attitude , reveal your personal interest. 3) The form of communication. When we communicate usually speech results in monologues and dialogues. In monologues our aim is to exclude thee possibility of interruption by others. Monologues are usually characterized by lexical, gr and phonetic cohesion as they are prepared. 4) Degree of formality. The interaction of individuals depends on their learning and accepting the roles of social behavior. An individual may posses a certain rank that determines being addressed in certain way. 5) Degree of spontaneity. Spontaneous speech is informal –less explicit and more rapid forms prepared – full forms – we’re successful if we know the topic. 6) The quantity of addresses. Public texts- are listened by a group of people. Non-public texts – face-to-face communication.