Based pronunciation standards of English

AMERICAN-BASED PRONUNCIATION STANDARDS OF ENGLISH
Plan:
Introduction
1. The connection of phonetics with different linguistic and non-linguistic sciences
2. Transcription and transliteration. Types of transcription.
3. The most important elements in the pitch-and-stress pattern of an intonation group (An intonation pattern; The characteristics of an intonation group).
Conclusion
The list of used literature
1) Phonetics as a science:
Definition of phonetics as a branch of linguistics: Ph comes from Greek w-s meaning “sound & voice”. In modern times it is often defined as the science of speech sounds considered as elements of lang – the science which treats all the sounds of which the lang is composed.
Phonetics is an independent branch of linguistics like lexicology or grammar. Ph is an essential part of the l. It gives l definite form. Vocabulary or grammar of the l can’t function without Ph, because all gr & lexical phenomena are expressed phonetically. Although Ph has its own laws, independent from vocabulary & gr. 1. W-s are expressed in phonetic form & may dffer in sounds big-bug-bag, and can be analyzed into sounds. 2. 3 main forms of irregular Vs are also expressed in phonetic form: rise-rose-risen – differ in vowel alteration in the root.
The connection of phonetics with different linguistic and non-linguistic sciences: Ph is closely connected with a number of linguistic sciences. It has proved to be extremely useful in investigation of the field of dialectology, designing or improving the systems of writing/ spelling (orthography), in questions involving the spelling/ pronunciation of personal/place names / w-s borrowed from other lang-s (orthoepy). Ph has close connection with non-ling sciences: physics/acoustics. The movements of speech organs disturb the air stream producing sound waves.biology/physiology. The message formed in the brain is transmitted along the nervous system to the speech organs. The human brain controls the behavior of the articulating organs. Psychology. The formation of the message takes place in the brain. Sociology. Oral speech serves as means of communication.