Based pronunciation standards of English

20) The most important elements in the pitch-and-stress pattern of an intonation group (An intonation pattern; The characteristics of an intonation group).
Each syllable of the speech chain has a special pitch coloring. Each syll bears a definite amount of loudness. Pitch movements are connected with loudness. Together with tempo of the speech they form an intonation pattern- the basic unit of intonation. They serve to actualize syntagms in oral speech. The syntagm is a group of words, which is semantically and syntactically complete. Actualized syntagms are called intonation groups. Each intonation group may consist of 1 or more potential syntagms ( 1)I think 2) he is coming). From semantic and grammatical point of view we deal with sense-groups.
Intonation group has following characteristics:
1.It has at last one accentual word carrying a marked change in pitch
2.It is pronounced at certain rate and without any pause within it
3.It has some kind of voice quality.
21)The pitch and sentence stress components of intonation and their graphical representation on the staves or in the line of text itself.
The pitch and sentence stress components of intonation can be represented graphically: on the table so-called staves (Armstrong and Ward) and in the line of text.
The staves are 2 horizontal (parallel) lines that represent the approximate upper and lower limits of the pitch levels. It is practically impossible to count all pitch levels in an intonation group and name each. It is convenient for intonation analysis and teaching purposes to distinguish in the range of the human voice three pitch levels: high, mid, low. In highly emotional speech there may 2 more pitch levels: extra high and extra low.
Speech melody together with sentence stress is indicated on the staves with the help of dashes and dots placed on different levels. Dash (-) –for stressed syll. Dot (.)- for unstressed syll. A downward curve represents a stressed syll pronounced with a fall in pitch within syll١
An upward dash-represents a stressed syll pronounced with a rise pitch within syll ﺭ
In the line of text intonation is indicated by means of tonetic (vertic and slanting) stress-marks that are placed above and below the line immediately before the syllables they refer to.