Based pronunciation standards of English

18)The methods for recording intonation patterns in writing and advantages and disadvantages of these methods.
There are a variety of methods for recording intonation patterns in writing. The first three methods reflect only variations in pitch only.
1)The method involves drawing a line around the sentence to show relative pitch hights. It was introduced by Ch. Fries. (He’s gone to the IofIfice).
2) by Bolinger. The syllables are written at different heights across the page. (I ªbsolutely deⁿy it). It is inconvenient because we need to have special model of print.
3) “Levels” method. Was supported by American linguists and those who recognized 4 levels of pitch: 1.low, 2. Normal, 3. High, 4. Extra high ( He’s g²one to the ³o¹ffice).
4) Is favored by most British phoneticians (D. Jones, G.F. Arnold, D. Crystal) and Soviet phoneticians who have proved it.
Advantages: 1. Not only variations of pitch but also stressed syll-s are marked, 2. Special symbols are used to indicate distinct modifications of pitch in the nuclear syll ↑↓ and slantwise stress mark pitch movements in the pre-nuclear part can be indicated too. 3. It is convenient for marking intonation in the text.
Disadvantages: there is no general agreement about the number of terminal tones and prenuclear parts. Fall and rise tones are not enough for phonological analysis. (→That isn’t as simple as it sounds).
19)The most important nuclear tones in English. Simple and complex tones. High and low falling tones. The types of scales in English.
The most important element in the pitch-and-stress pattern of an intonation is a nuclear tone-marked change of pitch that occurs on the final stressed syllable. The nucleous may be followed by the tail – one or more unstressed or partially stressed syllables.=>there are 2 variants of terminal tone : the nuclear variant (no tail) and nuclear-postnuclear variant(with tail). In word sentences we can observe the valence of tone : yes?yes!yes. – nuclear variant. Certainly.Always – nuclear-postnuclear variant, because one syllable is stressed, other remain unstressed.
- -for stressed syllable · - unstressed syllable
Terminal tone may be preceded by scale- series of stressed and unstressed syllables that may be pitched variously starting from the first stressed syllable – the head of the scale. The head may be preceded by more unstressed syllables - pre-head. The elements of the terminal tone: 1.nuclear element, 2.scale, 3.head of the scale, 4.pre-head.
The most important nuclear tones in English are: simple and complex tones. Simple tone –the pitch moves in one direction only. Complex tone – the pitch changes in more than one direction.
Two main forms of pitch change are: fall and rise. The falling tones carry a sense of completion and finality and are categorical in character. The rising tones carry a sense of incompletion and are non-categorical in character.
Simple tones: Attitudes from neutral to grim,cool,phlegmatic.
Low Fall ︡ the voice starts at a medium pitch level or a little below and falls to a low pitch level. (no, thank you.)
High Fall ︡ wide and narrow. Wide – the voice starts from the high pitch level and falls to the bottom of the voice range. Indicates friendly interest, personal involvement and mild surprise. Narrow – the voice starts high and stops at the medium pitch. Is less categorical and final in character.
Low Rise ︣ the voice starts low and rises to a medium pitch. Expresses non-finality. It implies perfunctory attitude.
High Rise ︣ wide and narrow. Wide – the voice starts at the low pitch and rises to a high pitch. Expresses surprise and shocked reaction. Narrow – the voice starts at a medium pitch and rises to a high one. Is an interrogating tone.
Complex tones :
Rise-fall - the voice 1^st rises from a fairly low to a high pitch level and then quickly falls to a very low pitch level. It is final and categoric in character.
Fall-rise – the voice 1^st falls from a high or medium pitch level. Expr – politeness, apology, uncertainty.
Rise-fall-Rise - the voice starts from a low pitch, reaches a high level and then falls to a low pitch and then rises a little below. Expr enthusiasm and optimism.
Types of scales. 1. Acc to general pitch direction: descending↓, ascending↑, level →; 2. Acc to the direction of pitch movement within and between syll: stepping _.- ; sliding; scanden. 3. Acc to the pitch level of the whole scale which is determined by the position of the highest pitch point: low, mid, high.
Descending stepping scale- the commonest scale, is formed by a series of stressed and unstressed syll-s, in which the pitch descends the steps( -._ ) –high descending stepping scale.
Descending sliding scale is formed by the descending series of stressed syll pronounced with downward slide. If there are no any unstressed syll between stressed syll each is pitched a little lower.
Descending scanden scale is formed by descending series of syll pronounced with pitch rise within stressed syll. Each of unstressed syll is pitched a little higher than the preceding.
Ascend is formed by an ascending series of syll in which each stressed syll is pitched a little higher than the preceding one. The unstressed syll between them rise gradually. Surprise, interest.
Ascending sliding scale is formed by ascending series in which each stressed syll is pronounced with the slide while each of the unstressed syll is pitched a little lower than the end of the preceding.
Ascending scanden scale is formed by ascending series of syll-s in which each syll is pronounced with the rise, unstressed a little higher.
Level scale. Stressed/unstressed syll pronounced on the same pitch level.