Based pronunciation standards of English

10)Connected speech: Lexical and function words; Strong and weak forms; Neutralization; Assimilation (types); Dissimilation; Accommodation; Elision; Intrusion; Linking (Fillers).
Words can be subdivided into categories: lexical words, which keep qualitative and quantitative patterns of their sound form (N, Adj, V, Adv); function words which may have 2 or more qualitative or quantitative realizations depending if they are stressed or unstressed (aux v, prep, conj, articles). Stressed are strong forms, unstressed- weak form. Situations when the strong form of function word is obligatory: 1) isolation, 2) citation, 3) in form of contrast when special emphasis is required, 4) at the end of phrase/sentence (what is it made of?), 5) words that do not have weak form (do, have, has, had – if not aux, that, some), 6) he/his/him/her/who. Wnen the w-s are unstressed the initial sound is normally dropped. But at the beginning of the sentence it isn’t dropped (Did ‘e win?/ He won the prize), 7) In sentences which begin with the aux verb. Aux v are stressed if no stressed word follows it (are they coming?). In tag questions the verb is stressed, the pronoun- unstressed, 8) Indefinite adverb “there” in sentences is unstressed and weakened to “thr”. But demonstrative adv and adv of place are never weakened.
Neutralization. The pronunciation of words when the distinction between phonemes is lost in the particular environment (s-z in unstressed position in connected sp – it is, it’s, what’s).
Assimilation. When adjacent sounds within a word/ word boundary influence each other so that the articulation of the 1 sound becomes similar with the articulation of the other sound. Assimilated sound- whose articulation is modified. Assimilating sound – the one who influences articulation.
Accomodation - change of cons under the influence of a vowel (salt, false). Acc to impact it can be: partial (incomplete)- when 2 sounds become similar in 1 feature (news-newspaper), total (complete)- when 2 sounds become identical (illogical), intermediate (gooseberry). Acc to direction: regressive- when the sound changes because of the influence of the following sound, recyplical – 2 sounds change because of the mutual influence on each other (give me –gimmi), progressive- … because of the influence of preceding sound (you can). Acc to place: contact/direct- influence on adjacent sound (ten boys), distinct – influence of remote sound (very well).
Elision- omission of sounds in words. 1. Avoidance of complex cons clusters (postman=/posman/), 2. Loss of vowel after aspirated sounds (potato, today, connect), 3. Loss of final /v/ in of before some cons (cup of tea)
Intrusion- addition of sounds (film- filem)
Linking (fillers)- when we speak spontaneously we make extra pauses. Fillers lexical(anyway, so) and non-lexical (eee, mm).