Based pronunciation standards of English

3)The aspects of speech sounds.
Speech sounds are of complex nature and have different aspects. Dickushina: acoustic, biological, linguistic. Leontyeva: acoustic, physiological/articulatory, functional. Vasilev: acoustic, articulatory, functional, auditory.
Biological. Speech sounds are phenomena resulting from the activity of speech organs. Antropophonics- a part of phonetics that is concerned with the work of organs and their ability to form sp sounds. Due to Pavlov’s work we can see that this is due to activity of cerebral hemispheres that a man uses lang. The ability of a man to respond by means of speech is what differentiates him from any other animals and makes him superior.
Sounds can be analyzed from acoustic point of view. Like any other sounds speech sounds, which are caused by the work of an articulatory organ, are communicated to the air in the form of sound waves. Sp sounds have pitch, intensity and timbre, likewise musical tones and noises may be distinguished among them.
Linguistic aspect. Sp them the subject of linguistic observation. It’s very important to determine in what ways sp sounds can function as significant sound units or phonemes. And to determine its significant role in the l.
4)Physical properties of sounds.
Sp sounds have a number of physical properties.
Frequency. The vocal cords vibrate and when the vibrations are regular they produce the acoustic impression of voice/ musical tone. When they are irregular, noise is produced. There are some combinations of tone and noise. When tone prevails- sonorants are produced, when noise prevails- voiced consonants. Changes in fundamental frequency are used to produce intonation. The ossylation of the parts of the vibrator produces overtones. The vibrations producing overtones are regular. Overtones play a great role in the formation of vowel sounds. They determine the quantity of the sounds. The vocal cords is not the only source of vibration. The noise that we hear comes from the friction of the air particles which pass through constriction in some point in the respiratory tract. So we have constrictive consonants. Another source of high frequency is a sudden burst of air when we have a complete closure of organs of sp and we have to explode this closure to produce sound. The frequency depends on physical properties of the vibrator – mass, length and tension of vocal cords. Thicker and heavier- lower voices; thiner and lighter- higher. The higher the pitch of vibrations, the higher the pitch level. The typical speaking voice of a man lower than of a woman because the vocal cords of woman vibrate more frequently.
Intensity. Changes in intensity are perceived as vibrator in the loudness of sound. The greater the amplitude of vibration, greater the intensity of a sound, the greater the pressure on the eardrums, the louder the sound. Intensity is measured in decibels.
Duration. Any sound has duration, i.e. its length or quantity of time during which the same vibratory motion is performed.