Bioacoustics
Parabolas Taxonomy Summer School, 1-15 September 2008
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Parabolas
Taxonomy Summer School, 1-15 September 2008 - 4 - A parabola focuses sound waves coming from a direction parallel to its axis onto a single point, the focus, where an omnidirectional microphone is placed. Its effectiveness is determined by the diameter of the reflector in relation to the wavelenght of the sound: its gain and directivity increase proportionally with increasing the diameter/wavelenght ratio. For wavelengths larger than the diameter of the parabola, the response is predominantly that of the microphone itself. Increasing the frequency, as the wavelenghts become smaller than the parabola's diameter, gain and directivity increase as the frequency increases. For a parabola to became effective at frequencies as low as 100 Hz, its diameter must be larger than 3 metres. Common diameters are 45 cm, 60 cm and 90 cm with directionality starting respectively at about 750, 550 and 375 Hz. Specific design, well matched microphones, proper positioning and proper filtering allow to linearize the in axis frequency response of the whole system. Most recordings made with parabolas are monophonic, but recently new stereophonic models provide more pleasant and realistic recordings. Parabolas made by Telinga are among the most advanced tools for wildlife recording. Ultradirectional microphones Ultradirectional microphones, also called shotgun microphones, are cardioid microphones fitted with an interference tube on their frontal face. The shotgun microphone is characterized by a flat frequency response, is less sensitive to wind and handling noise but offers a lower sensitivity than a microphone mounted in a parabola; the interference tube cancels off-axis signals while the in-axis signals reach the microphone's diaphragm without attenuation nor gain. Normally, these microphones are condenser microphones. It is possible to use pairs of shotgun microphones to produce stereophonic recordings. An alternative to using two directional mics is to use an ultradirectional microphone coupled with a bidirectional (figure of eight) microphone that provide some spatial information. By combining the two signals (MS encoder/decoder) it is possible to produce a stereophonic image while maintaining the "focusing" effect of the directional mic. Ultradirectional microphones made by Sennheiser are among the most appreciated for wildlife recording because of their performances (low-noise) and also of their reliability in field use. Download 192.27 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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