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1994 Book DidacticsOfMathematicsAsAScien
Didactics of Mathematics as a Scientific Discipline, 9-13.
© 1994 Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands. 3. The problem of implementation: preparing material and immaterial means to make possible the teaching of the mathematical subject given the constraints of society, the school system, the qualifications of teachers, and so forth. These three problems could be handled in sequence only in a very ideal- ized theoretical setting; in more involved theories and in practice, they have to be dealt with simultaneously or in a quasi-spiraling process. So, let me turn to the notorious statement attributed to J. Bruner, "the fundamental ideas of each subject can be taught to any individual at any age in some honest manner" (cf. the critical remarks in J. Fey's article and also the discussion of conceptualizations of "fundamental" in U. Tietze's paper, both in this chapter). Even if it could be understood as belonging to the problem of possibility, the term "fundamental" certainly has to do with justification, and the "honest manner" combines justification with implementation. Perhaps, also, the statement is just a kind of axiom, implicitly defining the meaning of "fundamental," "honest," and "subject" within the realm of the problems mentioned. Another way of describing or rather conceptualizing the process of curriculum formation, which is much referred to especially but by no means exclusively in the French didactics of mathematics, is the theory of didacti- cal transposition (cf. the hints in Artigue's article, this chapter; and, for an English source, Chevallard, 1992). It describes the inevitable processes of change by which (mathematical) knowledge is transformed on its way from the academic realm through various negotiation processes over knowledge that is socially considered as important for school education, over different elaborations according to specific circumstances (knowledge to be taught), to the knowledge induced in the minds (and hearts) of the students (taught knowledge). The theory of didactical transposition concentrates on the con- straints the diverse agents are subject to, and claims to unmask the trans- parency illusion of curriculum developers who tend to think of their deci- sions as scientific and deliberately chosen, whereas, in this theory, they are kinds of unconscious elements in a system obeying its own rules. In a more self-confident setting, preparing mathematics for teaching can be conceived of as elementarization, that is, "the translation of mathematical concepts, principles, techniques, and reasoning methods from the forms in which they are discovered and then verified by formal reasoning to forms that can be learned readily by a broad audience of students," as Jim Fey de- scribes it at the beginning of his paper. His concept includes the steps of implementation – such as development of materials, training teachers, con- vincing decision makers – and assessment. It is applied science that relies not only on research in basic sciences but also on its own methodologies and principles. In another conceptualization, which is rooted in German didactical tradi- tions, elementarization is conceived as the constructive version of the first 10 INTRODUCTION TO CHAPTER 1 step in the process of didactical transposition: It means the active transfor- mation of mathematical substance to more elementary forms. Here "elemen- tary" has the double meaning of being fundamental and accessible for the intended groups of students; it includes elements of all three problems men- tioned above: justification, possibility, and implementation. In such a con- ception, the negotiation process described by the theory of didactical trans- position is left to the necessary second step, namely, that of proper imple- mentation. Download 5.72 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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