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1994 Book DidacticsOfMathematicsAsAScien
internalization or interiorization, understood (in contrast to Piaget) as the
transformation of an interpsychological (i.e., between individuals) into an intrapsychological process (i.e., within individuals). To put it in a few radi- cal words, the Piagetian approach is based on individual schemes, while the Vygotskyan approach is based on social relations; for Piaget, the learning process is determined from inside, for Vygotsky, it is determined from out- side. It is no surprise that the Piagetian approach fits in with the Western ten- dency in psychological research to study human mental functioning as if it exists in a cultural, institutional, and historical vacuum (Wertsch, 1991, p. 2), even if it would be misleading to ascribe to Piaget the whole responsi- APPROACHES TO CLASSROOM INTERACTION 124 bility for this trend. In fact, the focus on the individual also fits in with some underlying ideas: Consider, for instance, the myth of genius, which is pre- sent in popular books on the history of mathematics (Bell, 1937) as well as in the professional education of mathematicians (Eisenberg, 1991). These facts, together with the scarce, late, and biased diffusion of the original pa- pers of Vygotsky may give an early explanation of the evident hegemony of the Piagetian approach in Western literature on didactics of mathematics. Yet, outline presentations of activity theory exist (e.g., Christiansen & Walther, 1986; Mellin-Olsen, 1987), and quotations from Vygotsky are more and more frequent in the literature. I shall not present a detailed comparison of the two approaches, as this would first require a reconstruction of the conceptual structure of both. Besides, such critical comparisons already exist from either competing per- spective (Bauersfeld, 1990; Raeithel, 1990). Rather, I shall describe some implications for the development of didactical research. More space shall be devoted to the Vygotskyan perspective, as it is supposed to be less well- known. 3.2. Implications for Research on Didactics of Mathematics Because of its focus on the learning subject, the Piagetian approach tends to neglect the role of cultural tradition represented by the teaching subject. Artigue (1992) attributes the influence of Piaget on the development of RDM to the need to contrast the empirical-sensory or behaviorist theory of learning, to put the student back in the right position. The same reason could apply to other Western RI projects as well: Being Piagetian was con- sidered as the way to overcome the behaviorist theory of learning. However, it was only one of the existing opportunities. Vygotsky could have offered a different one. For Vygotsky, the process of learning is not separated from the process of teaching: the Russian word obuchenie, which is used throughout Vygotsky's work, means literally the process of transmission and appropriation of knowledge, capacities, abili- ties, and methods of humanity's knowing activity; it is a bilateral process, that is realized by both the teacher and the learner (for a discussion by Mecacci, see Vygotsky, 1990). The social relation between teacher and learner cannot be avoided, as learning is not a relation between individuals and knowledge, but is rather the individual's introduction into an existing culture. The implications for didactical research are very strong, especially as far as the teacher's role is concerned. The metaphorical space in which to study the interaction between teacher and learners is the so-called zone of proximal development. One of the basic processes is semiotic mediation (Vygotsky, 1978, p. 40), determined when the direct impulse of the learner to react to a stimulus is inhibited through the intentional teacher's introduction of a sign. The very effect is that learners, by the aid of extrinsic stimuli drawn by the teacher, may control their behavior from outside. MARIA G. BARTOLINI BUSSI 125 Rigid applications seldom give full justice to the richness and complexity of the original ideas of founders. Piaget (1962) tried to coordinate his ideas to Vygotsky, while Vygotsky himself was more Piagetian than his followers (van der Veer & Valsiner, 1991, p. 392). If we look at recent developments, a greater separation is evident. A recent publication (Garnier, Bednarz, & Ulanovskaya, 1991) presents a collection of studies on didactical research (not limited to mathematics) from either Western countries or Russia. The provocative heading is Après Vygotsky and Piaget. Perspectives sociales et Download 5.72 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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