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1994 Book DidacticsOfMathematicsAsAScien
Theoretical and empirical approaches to classroom interaction, Maria
Bartolini-Bussi starts by sharply marking two contrasting approaches: an approach called "recherches en didactique des mathématiques (RDM)" and "research on innovation (RI)." RDM is presented as an attempt to describe the functioning of didactical situations with the researcher acting as a de- tached observer of the didactical system. This approach aims at building a coherent theory of phenomena of mathematics teaching, with conditions of reproducibility in the teaching experiments as a major requirement on the research results. It is oriented toward knowledge, while "research on inno- vation (RI)" is oriented toward action, interested in the introduction of ex- amples of good didactical transpositions and the analysis of the resulting processes. It aims at producing tools (either adapting them or constructing by itself) to transform directly the reality of mathematics teaching. Knowledge-oriented RDM is supposed to ignore the results of the action- oriented RI, while RI can borrow results from the former because of its in- trinsic eclecticism. In her paper, Bartolini-Bussi explicitly describes re- search in support of innovation in mathematics teaching, while, implicitly, Bauersfeld writes from a perspective that takes knowledge production as the most important aim, and teaching innovations as desired and most welcome side effects. Bartolini-Bussi analyzes and compares Piagetian construc- tivism and Vygotskyan activity theory. She is searching for adequate theo- retical tools for performing research in the RI tradition. She presents re- search examples from elementary mathematics education that were mainly based on an activity theoretical basis but in which conceptual elements from other theoretical traditions were also applied to cope with the complexity of an innovation – not hiding her preference for activity theory as the founda- tion of her work. Heinrich Bauersfeld's contribution on theoretical perspectives on inter- action in the mathematics classroom also starts with an overview of existing INTRODUCTION TO CHAPTER 3 118 119 theoretical paradigms with activity theory and constructivism as two major strands, but then opts for a third perspective, analyzing the interaction in a mathematics classroom from an "interactionist" point of view. Presenting "interactionism" as a mediating approach, Bauersfeld clarifies the core convictions of this position on learning, meaning, languaging, knowing or remembering, and mathematizing. He shows consequences for the issues of understanding mathematics and language within elementary education in mathematics. As an outlook, Bauersfeld sketches how the recent transdisci- plinary concern for "connectionism" may shed new light and explain some convictions of the interactionist perspective. However, connectionism is also taken as an example that theories in didactics of mathematics continu- ally take advantage of new theoretical developments in other related sci- ences. Nevertheless, an exhaustive discussion of the problems and potentials of the knowledge-versus-action controversy is still missing. Is it possible to follow a knowledge-oriented approach within the activity-theory paradigm, or can an action-oriented approach be founded on the constructivist research paradigm? Answers to these questions cannot be found in this volume. The two other papers in this chapter analyze two special aspects of inter- action in the mathematics classroom. In her paper, Working in small groups: A learning situation?, Colette Laborde starts from the perspective of the knowledge-oriented approach and analyzes the efficiency of a special learning situation: the case of students working together at a joint task of finding a common solution to a mathematical problem. The paper elicits the role of interpersonal processes in the construction of mathematical knowl- edge in mathematics classrooms and tries to determine some variables af- fecting these processes. The teacher (as a person) is only marginal in the learning situation, while special attention is given to joint work at the com- puter. Within this "ecology," she analyzes a learning situation that is of growing importance: Project work and home work often are done in small groups, and most computer-assisted learning takes place with two or three students in front of one computer. The role of the teacher may be taken over by a task to be fulfilled or a problem to be solved. Research on this ar- rangement is shown to produce contradictory results on its effectiveness as compared to a traditional classroom setting with three major factors for the effectiveness of cooperative work: choice of partners, choice of tasks, and length of the interaction process. A common feature in this research is the learner's charge to cope with the social situation as an additional demand to subject-matter learning in mathematics. The social complexity of the learn- ing situation is shown as a problem as well as an additional potential for learning. The paper Mathematical classroom language: Form, function and force by David Pimm concentrates on the most important means of the interaction in the classroom: language. Apart from other – and rarely used – physiolog- RUDOLF STRÄSSER INTRODUCTION TO CHAPTER 3 ical measures (e.g., eye movements) and test procedures (like multiple- choice testing), language seems to be the best analyzed set of "data" in di- dactics of mathematics. The paper first offers a survey of some recent work on mathematical classroom language in the context of work on language and mathematics in general. A few research results from the different lin- guistic aspects of classroom language (reading, writing, listening, and dis- cussing) are presented, followed by research on the form of the mathemati- cal communication in classrooms. Analysis of the almost incessant repeti- tion of the sequence of initiation – response – feedback in teacher-student exchanges is taken as an example for discourse analysis techniques that ignore content and attend only to the form of the classroom language. Two alternative routes from informal spoken to formal written language are distinguished and commented on. Following this survey of research on language, Pimm discusses a more idiosyncratic and personal set of interests and emphases: meta-knowledge and meta-communication, modality, and "hedges" and "force," the inner purposes and intentions of the speaker. The paper finishes with some suggestions for future areas of important work yet to be done. On the whole, the four papers of this chapter show the potential of con- centrating on the interaction of teachers and students. The papers of C. Laborde and D. Pimm widen this perspective still further by commenting on special aspects of the "ecology" of this interaction: computers and language, by analyzing the most important means of representation and communica- tion of mathematics. Chapter 4 on technology and mathematics education presents a complementary approach to questions raised in this chapter, in that it concentrates on means of teaching and learning. 120 THEORETICAL AND EMPIRICAL APPROACHES TO CLASSROOM INTERACTION Maria G. Bartolini Bussi Modena 1. INTRODUCTION In recent years, the study of classroom interaction in the mathematics teaching-learning process has received more and more attention in the literature on didactics of mathematics: Whenever at least two persons are engaged (e.g., two students or a teacher and a student), factors depending on their mutual interaction are involved. It is opportune to attempt an overview of related literature: The whole spectrum of research is very broad and ranges from analyses of existing situations in standard classrooms (for a review of German literature, see Maier & Voigt, 1992) to studies of trans- Download 5.72 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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