Borrowings from native american languages into english language

BORROWINGS FROM NATIVE AMERICAN LANGUAGES INTO ENGLISH LANGUAGE


Abduraxmonova Zilola
Samarkand State Institute of Foreign Languages
2-course master


Abstract: The article bargains with the advancement and working of Americanisms in cutting edge English. The creator analyzes the method of interaction between the dialect frameworks of British and American English, which is straightforwardly related to history and culture. Contrasts between American and British English are uncovered. It is famous that today American English is the foremost utilized and far reaching language, which may be a source of borrowings within the lexical frameworks of other dialects, and itself is effectively recharged with modern words borrowed from other dialects.
Key words: borrowings, English, vocabulary, language, word, unit, lexic.
Borrowings make up a special layer of vocabulary both in terms of nomination processes and in terms of motivation. Being one of the possible answers to the needs of nomination arising as a result of language contacts and expansion under the influence of other linguistic societies, they represent a certain saving of linguistic efforts in speech generation, since ready-made units of a foreign language are used to fill nominative gaps that have arisen in this language. At the same time, the loss of the former associative links that existed in the language from which they were borrowed entails the loss of the source of motivation that may be inherent in borrowed words in the language. This causes significant difficulties in recognizing their meaning in the process of speech perception.
Borrowing as a process of using elements of one language in another is due to the contradictory nature of the linguistic sign: its arbitrariness as a force permitting borrowing and involuntariness as a factor preventing borrowing. This, apparently, explains the fact that the process of borrowing in modern English according to available data, is very unproductive. In quantitative terms, it is significantly inferior to such nomination processes as word formation and semantic derivation (word formation). This, however, does not mean that the proportion of borrowings in modern English is not so great. Borrowed from about 50 languages of the world, lexical units make up almost 75% of the vocabulary of the English language and include layers of vocabulary borrowed in various historical epochs and under the influence of various conditions of development and existence. Among them
– historical, geographical, social, economic, cultural and other conditions. Being the result of a long historical interaction of languages, borrowing as a process and borrowing as a result of this process are of considerable interest for the history of language, within which not only the reasons for borrowing, but also their source languages are covered in detail. The ways, forms and types of borrowings are also noteworthy, as well as the transformations that a borrowed word undergoes in a new language environment for it. Borrowings are interesting, first of all, by the influence they have on the system structure of the vocabulary of a particular language, as well as by their special status in the language that borrowed them, if a number of genetic characteristics are preserved.
One of the striking features of the English language throughout its history has been its openness to borrowings, as well as the ability to assimilate them. It is natural that researchers show constant interest in this layer of vocabulary, which serves as an indispensable object in scientific works on the history of the English language. [1] To date, territorial changes do not have a fundamental impact on the enrichment of the language, cultural interchange is much more important. As you may have already noticed, everything has turned upside down, and now English is already creating borrowings more than accepting them. Currently, newspapers in English can be found in almost any major city in the world. Accordingly, many English words have leaked into other languages, regardless of the desire of their native speakers, and many treat such "Angloization" sharply negatively. From a historical point of view, the existence of many borrowed words could be justified by the dominance of a certain language in the educational system. Today, the lexical composition of languages is controlled by English as the language of the Internet. But, in the end, over time, the composition of languages also changes, which have their influence on the planetary language balance. Today, English is the language of global business, Mandarin Chinese is the most common, and Spanish is expected to replace English and by 2050 will become the second most common language in the world.
There are traditionally two main periods in the formation of American English: the early (XVII-XVIII centuries.) and the late (XIX-XX centuries.). For the early period, the formation of American dialects of the English language becomes a characteristic feature, and for the later period, the formation of the American English language proper [6]. At the same time, linguists note that in the early period, American English did not have significant differences from the British version, since the inhabitants of the American continent observed the speech norms and grammatical rules of British English [7]. The economic, natural and social realities of the development of the American continent provoked the emergence of new words to denote previously unknown concepts. To date, American English is the most widely used and widespread language on Earth. It is the official language of communication in North and South America, Central America and Canada [5].
The term "Americanism" today is understood as "words of the English language, lexical, grammatical and phonetic features of which originated in the USA and did not spread in the UK" [4]. This group consists of words related to the state and political system of CUBA and to the everyday life of Americans. American linguists believe that the concept of "Americanism" requires one of two conditions: 1) so that this word is of American origin, that is, it was first used in the English language of the USA; or 2) that it was not borrowed from the English language of Britain or continued to be used at a time when it completely fell out of use in England. Thus, Americanisms are non-equivalent vocabulary, since there are no dictionary correspondences in the English language, in addition, Americanisms are lexical units of the American version, they are equivalent in the British version of English.
Semantic and stylistic features of analog oppositions of American English and British English are often correlated with the areal distribution of vocabulary. For example, the concept of "sandwich" in the USA has different names depending on the locality: hoagies (Philadelphia), grinders (Boston), torpedo (California), Cuban sandwich (Miami), wedgies (Rhode Island), hero sandwich (New York), poor boy (New Orleans), Garibaldi sandwich (Wisconsin), and the composition of the sandwich is also different according to culinary technology. The only British equivalent of ploughman's lunch is the name of a sandwich made from bread with cottage cheese.
As can be seen, the lexical level of the English language is characterized by significant changes due to the historical, socio-cultural, political, economic features of the United States, which had a significant impact on the language itself. In addition, there are differences in mentality, lifestyle, customs, traditions, and worldview. Every country has the right to its own identity.
Given the fact that the vast majority of borrowings enter the language as a result of contacts of linguistic communities, this layer of vocabulary is given considerable attention in historical, areal, and contact linguistics. It is in the latter that borrowings are considered in a broader ethnolinguistic and sociolinguistic context [3] within the framework of contact linguistics, the process and results of borrowing are compared with the typological features of borrowing situations.
Borrowings from indigenous languages has not been studied by methods of contact linguistics, despite the fact that they, to a certain extent, determined the uniqueness of the lexical composition of the national American version of the English language (hereinafter AmA), which, in particular, is reflected in lexicographic practice [2].
Autochthonous lexical units from these language families passed into English both directly and indirectly, namely through Spanish (25.32%), Portuguese (4.9%) and French (2.58%), as well as medieval Latin (Neo-Latin) (0.13%).