Бурҳониддин марғиноний исми, унвони ва куняси хусусида

Burkhan al-din al-Marginani’s Family

Another important subject is family traditions in Burkhan al-din al-Marginani’s family. According to the data of written sources, the great jurist had three sons: ‘Imad ad-din Abu Bakr, Nizam ad-din ‘Umar and Jalal ad-din Muhammad. All of them were disciples and followers of Burkhan al-din al-Marginani. Over the centuries, the descendants of Burkhan al-din possessed leading positions among the religious elite in Samarkand, they occupied posts of sheikh al-Islam - the supreme religious authority. ‘Abd al-Hayy al-Laknavi (d. 1886) in his “Fava’id al-bahiya fi tarajim al-Hanafiyah” in respect of Jalal ad-din Muhammad stated the following, “Muhammad, the son of Burkhan al-din al-Marginani, the author of the book “Al-Hidayah”, lived at his father’s house. He was noted distinction in knowledge of sciences and in decent behavior. In due time, he received the honor of becoming a leader in madhhab (legal school), and people recognized his merits”.

The historian Shihab ad-din Muhammad an-Nasavi mentions the name of Jalal-ad- din, the Samarkand sheikh al-Islam. According to historical sources, in 1217, the ruler of


¹ TsGA RUz (Central State Archives of the Republic of Uzbekistan), Fund № I-19, Op. № 1, d. № 34739. № 12.
² On this issue see: Validov Z. A. Nekotorye dannye po istorii Fergany XVIII- stoletiya // Protokoly zasedaniy i soobshcheniy chlenov Turkestanskogo kruzhka lyubiteley arkheologii. Issue. 2. T., 1916; TsGA RUz, Fund № I-19, Op. № 1, d. № 34739. № 3; TsGA RUz, Fund № I-19, Op. № 1, d. № 34746, № 7; TsGA RUz, Fund № I-19, Op. № 1, d. № 34746, № 2; TsGA RUz, Fund № I-19, Op. № 1, d. № 34739, № 2; TsGA RUz, Fund № I-19, Op. № 1, d. № 34739, № 6; TsGA RUz, Fund № I-19, Op. № 1, d . № 34739, № 8; TsGA RUz, Fund № -19, Op. № 1, d . № 34739, № 4; TsGA RUz, Fund № I-19, Op. № 1, d . № 34739,
№ 11; TsGA RUz, Fund № I-19, Op. № 1, d. № 34739, № 13.
Khoresm Sultan Muhammad (1200-1220) was preparing to start a military campaign and to march to Iraq. Before making a move, he had assumed preventive measures on removal from Mawaraunnahr those persons, who threatened safety of his reign. Among those who had been deported to Nisa were the Samarkand sheikh al-Islam Jalal-ad-din, his son Shams ad-din and his brother Avhad ad-din, as well as other persons (Taj ad-din Bilge-khan, the former Otrar ruler, and the vassal to the Kara-Kitay gurkhan, the cousin of the Samarkand Karakhanid Osman). After a little while, Avhad ad-din died in exile. Bilga-khan lived there for one more year, having obtained popularity among the townspeople; nonetheless, he was killed in Nisa by the order of Khorezm-Shah, who presumably regarded him as a very dangerous enemy”.¹
Shihab ad-din Muhammad an-Nasavi, having been in close relations with
Samarkand sheikhs al-Islam stated that Jalal ad-din, his son Shams ad-din and his brother Avhad ad-din were noble people that greatly contributed to development of different sciences. Avhad ad-din always was a winner in scientific discussions, had nobody to match in art of polemic. He boldly argued with al-’Amidi and proved that his conclusions are unreasonable.² ‘Abd ar-Rashid al-Bakuvi reported upon al-‘Amidi in such a way, “From here comes an excellent imam Rukn ad-din al-‘Amidi being a Splendor of the time. His deeds rang through the world over. He died in 615/1218”.³
According to an-Nasavi, after Avhad-din’s death his brother Jalal ad-din under the invitation of the vizier ‘Amid al-din had moved to live in Mazandaran. Being there, he deserved worthy respect. During the Mongols invasion on Mazandaran, Jalal ad-din was there. As an-Nasavi wrote, the subsequent destiny of Jalal al-din was unknown. ⁴
On the basis of the given sources, it is possible to assume that after Burkhan ad-din al-Marginani the post of the sheikh al-Islam was inherited by his son ‘Imad ad-din Abu Bakr. Evidently, namely the descendants of ‘Imad al-din exersised significant influence during the epoch of Amir Timur and the Temurids (1370-1506). It is known that ‘Imad al-din’s son - Zayn ad-din ‘Abd ar-Rakhim - became a sheikh al-Islam following his father. He became famous as a great Hanafi faqih. The majority of his writings is devoted to the matters of the Muslim law. Among them, the most popular is the book under the title “Al-Fusul al-'imadiya”.
Life and work of Burkhan al-din’s descendants during the era of Mongol khans’ reign have remained unknown until now. The only mention of the name of Baha’ al-din al-Marginani may be found in academician V.V.Bartold’s writing, “Even during Chagatai’s life, Habash-Amid appointed every of his sons to look after each of khan’s sons, obviously in order to provide the retention of power for himself and for his family clan. To look after Esu-Mungke, he had appointed his adopted son Beha ad-din Marginani, the son of hereditary sheikh al-Islam of Fergana; on his mother’s side he originated from the Karakhanids (Qarakhanids). Esu-Mungke hated Habash-Amid as


¹ Masson M. Ye. Gorodisha Nisi v selenii Bagir i ix izucheniye // Trudi Yujno–Turkmenistanskoy arxeologicheskoy kompleksnoy ekspeditsii. Tom I. Ashxabad, 1949. p. 70.
² Shihobiddin Muhammad an-Nasaviy. Sulton Jaloliddin Manguberdi hayoti tafsiloti. T., 1999. p. 59 (in Uzbek).
³ Abd ar-Rashid al-Bakuvi. Kitab talxis al-asrar va-‘adja’ib al-malik al-kaxxar. M.: Nauka, 1971. p.
93.
⁴ Shihobiddin Muhammad an-Nasaviy. Sulton Jaloliddin Manguberdi… p. 59-60.
Hara-Hulagu’s supporter and instead of him appointed Beha al-din to his place of vizier; the latter accepted the assignment, but tried to mitigate khan’s hatred to Habash- Amid and rescued his life. Joveyni, having seen Beha ad-din personally, says that he possessed scholastic attainments of religious knowledge combined with secular sciences that the house of him was the center of all still remained alive outstanding scholars, and that under him the Muslim science had returned its significance …
… Esu-Mungke’s downfall resulted in returning to power of Habash-Amid, whom Jara-Hulagu ordered to give out Beha al-din with all his family members and property; Habash-Amid subjected his contender to barbarous execution”. ¹
Nevertheless, we do not have weighty proofs and the sufficient grounds to believe that Baha’ ad-din al-Marginani belonged to the family of Burkhan al-din al-Marginani.